Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journals - Essay ExampleTherefore, Sufi orders other than retiren as turuql could either be Sunni Shii, or a combination of both doctrines. However, it is interesting to know that most of the turuql originate from Muslim ProphetMuhammad. Very interesting though, is the fact that Sufis strongly believe in the ideologies of peace, pacifism, and tolerance. Nevertheless, although sufi devotion is appreciated by many tenets of muslims, Wahhabiand SalafistMuslims submit a strong opposition to sufi devotion. Learning and understanding sufi devotion has indeed enlightened me on this unique way of Islamic adoration. I certainly support this kind of devotion since it encourages the followers to purify their hearts as they do so. However, I find it very interesting that sufi devotion is somewhat similar to Christian worship especi totallyy when Christian go for fasting and prayer. However, what I fail to perceive is the reason why Wahhabiand SalafistMuslims have a strong opposition to sufi d evotion considering the way sufi devotion seems good and interesting. I also think that sufi devotion was the ultimate Gods idea of having an intimate family relationship with his people. Looking at Buddhism, Buddhas appreciate the need for meditation as a way of connecting with predict power. Therefore, sufi devotion is a form of worship done in several(predicate) ways in different religions but having different names. Modernity Undeniably, the term modernity has different dimensions of definition depending on what is existence studied. However, modernity simply means the paradigm shift from feudalism to secularized world. Modernity is often seen through and through different lens such as capitalism, industrialization, technological advancement, religious ideologies among others. Modernity can also refer to as the element of enlightenment. Modernity deep down the Islamic context arguably began in Turkey where tremendous convert of religious, cultural, scientific, as well as legal ideologies surfaced. Interestingly, the adoption of modernity was not a uniform phenomenon. Indeed, on that point existed different groups of people that did not cut through modernity. This explains why we still have conservatism in all religions. For instance, Islam is arguably divided into different significant groups. However, conservatism is still appreciated in many Islamic tenets. Nevertheless, those who appreciate modernism have very often maintained that the spirit of reason in the received message of Islam be incorporated in modern lifestyle. Although I am not old profuse to have seen the change from the traditional aspect to modernity, I can still perceive the idea through the reading. I strongly feel that modernity has changed many aspects of life including religious thoughts and ideologies. However, I think God, in his mighty power, had foreseen the modern lifestyle and had therefore made religion compatible with modernity. Therefore, as we seek to embrace mode rnity in all other aspects, I believe that modernity should also be embraced within the religious context. However, the arguments presented by those who do not support modernity in religion are also important in making sure that modernists do not go beyond what is expected of them. version about modernity and conservatism in the same reading is indeed a worthwhile endeavor. Muhammad Muhammad is believed to be the spiritual attraction of the Islamic religion. Muhammad born in approximately 570 CE was a religious leader but more notably, he was also a religious and political leader as well.

Link Between Language Acquisition and Learning Disabilities Essay

Link Between Langu senesce erudition and Learning Disabilities - Essay ExampleBehavioral as surface as public elements as well need mastery, together with expertise such as connecting, acting in response, and sustaining mutual relations with others. The nature and value of these communication abilities show a discrepancy and modify in due course for productive communicators. From the age of 1 year till 3 years, there is a broad deviation in the level of standard speech and oral communication improvement. Even though the series of signs is expected, the precise timing of their progress may differ from person to person. Receptive language expertise usually grows earlier than a pip-squeaks cap business leader to create logical expressions, words, and sentences. For a number of kids, the improvement of language skills continues in a standard bon ton although at a sluggish rate than standard. This situation is known as a delay in language acquisition. On the contrary, other kids s eem to pursue a different order of language acquisition, which is known as a disorder of suppuration (Shipley & McAfee, 2008). Disorders of language acquisition may befuddle an effect on communicative capabilities only or both communicative as well as receptive capabilities. For kids who occupy normally developed nonverbal cognitive abilities (Shipley & McAfee, 2008), language issues that are harsh and insist during the nonexistence of apparent neurologic offense or hearing injury are known as specific language impairments. The occurrence of specific language impairments varies, but a rate of more or less 9 percent of school going kids is mentioned usually. Specific language impairment is more familiar in males as compared to females, with ratios between 3.71 and 5.71. The more conventional approximation probably applies to the common population. The full stop at which a pediatrician become worried regarding a kids language development and feels the necessity to as for additio nal assessment is non an insignificant issue when considering the occurrence of the trouble as well as the developmental sequelae (Grassi & Barker, 2009) of language disorders. More or less, one third to half of kids having bang-up language acquisition problems at the age of 2 years carry on to have delays at the age of 3 years. In addition, 65 percent to 95 percent of preschoolers who have language change of mind and regular nonverbal aptitude keep on showing language troubles up to the age of 20 years after the preliminary analysis. Even though average or above-average nonverbal cognitive ability is a good prognostic indicator among children who have specific language impairments (Lipson & Wixson, 2010), this results on its own does not guarantee ultimate improvement of standard language acquisition. Besides, constant language problems, kids who have specific language impairments are affected in educational, communal, and psychosomatic areas. The sort of language setback seems to be linked with result. Kids who have talking and phonology problems usually have an enhanced diagnosis as compared to those who have wider impairments of both humanity as well as understanding of language. Even though view on the way of transaction with language and speech problems in young kids differs significantly, there are common guiding principles. Kids between the age bracket of one and a half and two years, whose language understanding as well as expression is delayed should be sent for and

Four Stages of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Four Stages of Leadership - Essay ExampleTeamwork is overly essential for some(prenominal) success of a attr scraper (Stagish, 2006). This is because when a leader does not work with the employees, but instead issues orders, the employees merchant ship fail to work effectively. Through aggroupwork, the satisfaction of the employees will increase. There will be the creation of wide ideas that will come out of the association between the leaders and employees (Kramer, 2002). For people to trust the leaders in a company, the leader has to portray some behaviors deemed ethical by the society. The leader should be honest in each(prenominal) the work that he does in the scheme (Porter-OGrady, 2010). He should be sincere when dealing with either employees and not exhibit double standard while issuing orders. The leaders should in addition have integrity. This nub that, in all the decisions that he has to make, he should have the same stand. He should be able to register competen ce in his dealings. This means that the basis of his decisions should not rely on his emotions or his desires. The leader should also depict intelligence to their juniors. The employees will thus trust the leaders opinion, since his intellect can be trusted. Vital behaviors are necessary for a leader to adapt and ensure that he chance upons teamwork in all his dealings. The leader has to ensure he understands the benefits of teamwork. He should know that, through teamwork, creative ideas could crop up (Shockley-Zalabak, 2010). The leader should thus aim to encourage all employees to participate actively in meetings and jobs that they do. This will lead to the employees helping each other the moment they get a problem. The result will be a break dance time management as less time is wasted. Second level The organization should adapt the synergic approach. I believe that leaders of an organization can work well with the employees to make certain that they realize the objectives of the organization as well as benefit the society. This can be a milestone in increase the growth of the company (Holmes, 2005). The company needs to ensure the employees understand the need to please the society and achieve the goals of the company. The leader of the company should share and find ways of achieving the goals of the company through teamwork. The employees will then pack to help each other in the company, especially when they are in the same field in the organization. This is because when the employees work together, they learn to come up with an idea that works very well in a situation. The leader can analyze the effect of the change in the active participation of employees in the team (Salas, 2001). This way, they will appreciate teamwork, internalize it and use it in all the activities they do in the company. The leaders should also build their trust in the employees. They can do this by sharing with them and showing them that they can be trusted. Leaders should und erstand the imperativeness of earning the trust of the employees. Their consistency and competence are what the employees will use to try on and trust them. A leader can openly tell the employees that he can be trusted, and act in ways that make the employees believe him. Third Level The purpose of the company should be to render the best services for the clients of the organization. They should be very kind and respectful to them regardless of the attitude of the clients. This means that they should be very tolerant will all the clients. The employees should also be able to make

Globlization 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globlization 2 - Assignment ExampleIn the case of a global programme, the financing and cooperation of the countries and other stakeholders, to develop political platform in the rearing sector. The political program outgrowth of the people will be achieved through stakeholder involvement and the phylogenesis of the necessary skills of the company. The course of instruction development in a global perspective still faces challenges in the process Table of Contents executive director summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Stakeholders in global course of study development 4 Trend in education development 5 Issue of research 7 Reference 9 Introduction Globalization and curriculum development have been the chief(prenominal) focus of the curriculum developers. Globalization is viewed to positively affect curriculum development and facilitate the development of the reliability of education in industrial workforce requirement. Abrams & Kreiner (2003) describe Industrial anal ysis as a market evaluation slit intended to provide a company with an idea of how complex a specific industry is. In case of higher institutions of learning in the UK, it involves reviewing the economic, political and market doers that influence the way the industry develops. in that location have been different techniques developed to evaluate complexity levels in different industries. Some of the techniques used be strategic group mapping and the Michael Porters five forces framework. Strategic group mapping correspond to Porter (1998) is an analytical tool that is used in business to display competition and then expound how industry changes could affect the particular business. On the other hand, Michael Porters Five Forces Framework is an chalk out that passel be used to analyze any industry and establish the intensity of the competition in the particular industry resulting to a vivid picture of the state of the particular industry (Burgers 2008). The development of an inclusive curriculum is dependent on the contribution of stakeholders. The major stakeholders in curriculum development are the states or governments with the participation of the local communities. Curriculum development and globalization are tied because of the changing global press requirement. Stakeholders in global curriculum development The major challenge in global curriculum development is on the different types of curriculum employed by the countries both in the western nations and Africa. The developing nations do not have a major problem because the majority of the curriculum is developed from the western education systems. Despite the differences in the curriculum, the major stakeholders are the governments or states who develop the guidelines for the curriculum. For a global curriculum to be developed, several issues must be addressed, which includes the needs of the society and the global population. An effective curriculum must factor in the global needs of the socie ty and must be relevant to the labor and industrial needs. The main issue is the creation of international guidelines. Current settings in the international guidelines illustrate the difference in the curriculum development and the needs of the various countries in terms of work force. The development of a global curriculum may not be possible in all the educational programs and subjects but mathematics can be a major breakthrough because of the standard operatives involved in the subject. The main stakeholders in c

How Intersectional Identities Must Shape an Asian American Agenda for Assignment

How Intersectional Identities Must Shape an Asian American Agenda for Social Change - Assignment deterrent exampleThis paper illustrates that a census of our own presents a masterpiece that resulted from a 2010 Queers Southeast Asian survey. This sample distribution had 364 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Asian Americans from the entire unify States. Intersectionality connects to the diversity of Asian American people through the hard-foughties in communication. Often when in public places, the Asian American people fear to talk because they will be oppressed due to their inadequate knowledge of the native English language. Therefore, to emphasize on secretion establish on the diversity of the Asian American culture, many people from this race miss various educational scholarships base on their racial backgrounds. The educational experience of many Asian Americans is biased. To drive the social docket of the Asian American community of affirmative action , equity must be allowed to prevail in the picking processes of students set to join universities. The excessive acceptance by the educational establishments on the previous cases of racial discrimination threaten the authorities to face stern legal actions form the social change activists. In fact, intersectionality in the education system is prime in the classroom balance experience in multiple discipline institutions of the United States. Furthermore, affirmative action requires the equal enrollment of the minority into the prestigious educational systems, to eliminate the educational segregation attached to racial diversity. The immigration experiences of the Asian Americans present a partisan treatment of the immigrants based on their racial background. The continuous efforts by the elected members of the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) indicate the difficult requirements that the authorities have put in place to discourage the inhabitation of undo cumented immigrants in the United States. Such provisions as the military enlistment and the requirement of good moral conduct spew out the Asian American community in the bad picture as they require many unrelenting eligibility criteria to be permanent legal residents of the United States.

Hospital Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hospital Marketing - Assignment ExampleFor a manufacturer of an infusion pump therapy fit for use in hospitals, personal selling or advertisement would help in informing the hospitals the advantages of utilise the equipment over other related equipment, the cost at which the kit would be sold at to the hospital allowing the hospital to save more than it could have spent on other related equipment and the advantages that the hospital would aim in terms of supply of the item that would not have been received with other items. In a nutshell, personal selling would convince the hospital to purchase more of the equipment, hence increasing the general gross revenue of the equipment. Considering post-purchase role of promotion, for a busy hospital emergency room, a company can offer to bring out solution out certain items for free for every patient who will purchase a position item used in the emergency sector of the hospital. May be if the company is selling bandages, it could issue free dressing cotton to the clients who shall have made their purchases from the company. To make a good advertisement on the physical rehabilitation program, there is need for a larger budget. This is because, to reach the targeted clients, much needs to be done. One would want to target medicate addicts, to ensure that the target group is met, there are divers(a) programs that are required to be included in the advertisement in order to attract such kind of people. In the advertisement, there would be a step by step explanation of how drug addiction whitethorn ruin someones life then they will have to learn. in front deciding to use the medium, the program director needs to consider whether the targeted persons also shew this newspaper, the coverage place of the program in the newspaper and other more effective means of advertisements that would reach the targeted clients than the newspaper. The newspaper may be having the best circulation, however, may be the targeted perso ns might not be able to access and read it.

The evaluation of Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Coursework

The evaluation of Mid Staffordshire NHS induction Trust - Coursework ExampleUsing post- investigating developments, this essay give attempt to draw lessons from this experience in the well-defined of strategic business management principles in health care. The Trust Case MSNHSFT provides healthcare for 300,000 residents and targeted to deliver mettlesome level and culture of care by following regulations and aiding its rung to perform their duties responsibly and accountability. However, the last intravenous feeding years proved the institutions failure to exhibit these themes and the increasing death toll of patients was appalling. A full independent investigation of MSNHSFT was done to hear, review, appraise and evaluate the capacity of administrators and its human resource slightly poor professional services, how it negatively impact to patients and eroded the institutions credibility (Francis, 2010). Investigating squad were mandated to look into the culture, systems, pro cesses, or the general act of management to belowstand how it miserably failed to meet the expectation of pure service. The investigation gathered 966 persons and 82 staff of the Trust as respondents. Such encouraged review of the surgical incision of Health (DoH) too and periodic monitoring since then. Recommendations were thereafter formulated for immediate actions (Francis, 2010 & Care feature Commission, 2010). investigating and recommendations The investigation covered reports relating to diagnoses and medication, health and sanitation, patients care and management, safety and risk mitigation in its facilities, nutrition and patients diet, cleanliness and transmission prevention, reporting and documentation, as well as on its flow of communication (Francis, 2010 & CQC, N. and Care Quality Commission, 2010). The investigations results summarily pointed failure in operations management, failures in business processes and failure in client/patient handling aspects. a. Failur es in Operations managementis illustrated with issues on (a) administrations so more than focus on processes but not on appearcomes (b) gaps between management and staff which resulted to the latters exclusion in management and (c) negligence to increasing figure of mortality rate of patients (Francis, 2010 & CQC, N. and Care Quality Commission, 2010). b. Failures in Business processes -- The institution failed to maintain professional standard in the absence of genuine performance appraisal, supervision assessment and professional development. MSNHSFT has weak management decisions and was not transparent on its accountability. It also relied on false guarantees from external assessments. (Francis, 2010 & and Care Quality Commission, 2010). c. Failures in Customer/patient handling aspectsThe hospital staff failed to maintain professional standard as depicted in their (a) inability to fully listen diligently to patients complaints (b) failure to respond to challenges on geriatrics care and (c) absence of concern to increasing statistics of patients who died while under care (Francis, 2010 & Care Quality Commission, 2010). Considering all of these problems, the investigating team and the DoH made 18 recommendations, on top of which is for the Secretary of Health to consider asking the Monitor to enforce its de-authorization over MSNHSFT, or if it will be sustained of its operation, to enforce professional standard managing this hospital foremost. Recommendations also demanded from the institution to live out professional leadership

The Sales Promotion Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Sales Promotion - Article ExampleThey include vocation agencies, classified advertisements, web search and other employment placement service sites. The selection is based on key attributes like being self- motivated, having a disciplined work style, ability to close the sale and in the end capability to build a solid customer relationship. Next is the training of the sales team which is make through various programs such as seminars and meetings on Products, Company and Service. Thirdly, there is sales force compensation which is achieved through salaries, commissions, vacations, pensions and even repays for well job-related expenses. Fourthly, there is sales force supervision and subsequent evaluation of their implementation for further improvements. Selling is a complex process that involves several steps. First, there is prospecting and qualifying which briefly involves identifying authorisation customers, then a pre-approach stage which involves knowing more about the needs of customers. Thirdly, there is the meeting of customers for the origin time. Then a salesperson has to handle various objections to customer buying, asking the customer for order and at last making a follow-up. Relationship marketing, on the other hand, involves campaigns by aimed at customer satisfaction and retention. The sales promotion program is developed through a number of steps. There is the size of incentive inclination and subsequent setting of conditions for participants. Then, a decision is made on promotion and distribution to the sales team.

E-business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E- short letter management - Essay ExampleIt is a handle of obtaining as head as assessing evidence of economic activities and actions to determine the variations in the results which are later communicated to the concern parties (Raffa 2003, P. 2). A company audits may include financial, give of information and communion technology, compliance and operational audits (Raffa 2003, P. 2). The auditors use the available data and records, collect data prom the concerned parties and analysis it into a report that is disseminated to the innate and external customers. This paper pull up stakes evaluate Marchi indo-pak cuisine and propose to conduct an audit of their operations in relation to e- commercial enterprise management. Introduction Mirchi indo-pak cuisine This is a family business located in Cardiff and provides traditional south Asiatic cuisine using locally available food products as well as conventional Indian methods to prepare delicious traditional foods (Mirchi 2008). They provide different menus which are custom made to suit singular customer preferences, family parties and outside catering services. Their vision is to provide simple, traditional and high quality foods as well as homely services to their customers (Mirchi 2008) E-business management E-business is a business practice that allows use of internet and separate modern communication equipments as the major platform of business communication and conducting business. Due to expansion in globalization, access and use of internet across the globe, most companies are shifting from the traditional mode of doing business into internet based business models. Mirchi indo-pak Cuisine is a Company that have established its presence online and conducting business online. The company aims at targeting customers who spend most of their time online and understand the convenience of dong business online. heretofore there is need to evaluate the e-business addresses to determine their rough-and- readyness and recommend changes in assign to efficiently woo this market segment. E-business operational audit is the proposed service to Mirchi indo-pak cuisine to evaluate and validate the organizational online process and the effectives of the process n relation to the information and communication structures (Brewster n.d., P 30). This process will assist in ensuring effective systems are in use, assist the company to understand consumers and potential customers needs and expectations, acts as an channel of communication with the customers, suppliers, employees and shareholders, the process will also help to boost customer trust in regard to products offered as well help to increase the shareholders trust on the company management and employees (Brewster n.d., P 19). The process will involve evaluating the current processes used in their e-business through a telephone oppugn with the IT manager by asking him or her interview questions that relate to the company. The research findings will be interpreted by relating the answers given(p) and the tone in the managers voice (Onwuegbuzie Leech and Collins 2010, P 699). Telephone interview and analysis of the data will be used to evaluate their current status in order to give recommendations for changes that will help boost their effectiveness. Part 1B The Audit report For a companys management to understand if their company is operating as expected and to improve their operational practices an organization fag end opt to edit their processes for the whole

Exercise metabolism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercise metabolism - look for Paper ExampleThese studies give an insight on how nutrition affects exercise execution of instrument and metabolism. They have distinguishable results and findings. However, all of them are geared towards understanding the connection between nutrition and exercise. Nutrients entangled in these studies include both artificial and natural nutrients. The paper also ensures gender balance because exercise metabolism and performance is assorted between men and women. Hence, it looks at findings of research done on women.Human beings have different capabilities to exercise. The capability of a human being to exercise is dependent on the biological ability of his or her body to change chemical energy in the skeletal muscle to mechanical energy. Adenosine triphosphate is the chief chemical energy source in skeletal muscles. During exercise, it is characteristic of adenosine triphosphate storage to be depleted spendthrift if it is not quickly replenished. This is mainly caused by the increased demand for adenosine triphosphate resulting from exercise. In many scenarios, when exercising, adenosine triphosphate need and availability are exactly balanced. AT storage is also upheld. Hence, adenosine triphosphate providers in spotting skeletal muscles which are known as metabolic pathways quickly react to the high demand for ATP. What determines ATP demand? ATP demand is determined by the contraction rate of skeletal muscles and the power suffer during exercise. Metabolic pathways are described by the enzymes that digest ATP in an exercise session. These enzymes include ATPase, kilobyte transport, and calcium transport ATPase, and actomyosin ATPase. These enzymes are related to the contraction relaxation cycle (Hargreaves & Lawarence, 1). Homeostasis is key for the proper military operation of the human body, be it during exercise or at rest. Thus, ATP consumption must equal ATP use for homeostasis to be maintained. Diet is a paramo unt manipulator of the skeletal muscle utilization of ATP when exercising and recovering

Role government of each artical Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Role organisation of each artical - Research Paper ExampleThis will in turn allow the participants in the commercialise to start putting the resources back to work in the sectors that they consider as most beneficial. This paper aims at considering the major roles of the governance in the economical stability, with the inclusion of the government-run institutions.In the previous decades of lecturing countries that are exploitation on the ways to stimulate economic growth and emerge from economic crisis through strong government policies, some economists and U.S policymakers are discarding all the advice when subjected to the first test of major crisis. This is specifically true when taking advice regarding the aggregation of more debt (Shah, Rajiv, Zhijie, and Harini 85). For instance, the fiscal responsibility summit held by the U.S President Barack Obama last February disclosed that he knows the urgent requirement for fiscal responsibility. But the recent enactment of the Co ngress of the America Reinvestment and Recovery Act and the compute that was proposed by the government makes the objectives of a budget that is sustainable budget and it addresses the longer-term fiscal properties of the nation such as the entitlement liabilities, and even more elusive.Government deficits and government spending increase automatically when there are economic downturns that arise due to falling tax revenues and more demands on the social-safety-net provisions. Such spending can be helpful in attaining stability on the economy since it does not occur following legislative acts but automatically, and the money that is spent is usually needed most at the time of spending. Spending and borrowing for the mark of economy stimulation by the use of legislative discretion is riskier since it is more difficult to wait for the regenerate moment. The spending of the funds does not often take place until a long period has passed afterward the downturn occurs and has the abi lity of prolonging the downturn through crowding out

IMac Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IMac - Assignment ExampleThe system was too not able to fully accept the modules of scheduling that had used other Microsoft compatible data processor software packages. The failure of highly expensive iMac to manoeuvre Ronnys software adversely impacted his confidence level.Ronnys computer skills were much recognized because he had developed a very interesting geography puzzle for his classmates. He had also been secretly working on the festering of a new video game, designed especially to increase the mental reflexes of youngsters. He needed to run the program on the latest machine so he could test the various creative ideas apply multimedia and rectify the bugs, if any. The failure of the machines greatly distressed him. The frequent trips to repair shop also make him lose precious time as he wanted to send his video game to the online ambition organized by the IBM.Development of video games requires highly sophisticated machines that can run complicated computer programs u sing multimedia. The testing of software is important part of software development and successful run of separately module boosts the confidence of the developer. The failure of iMac to completely accept the program modules that needed other Microsoft compatible software, false out to be the biggest setback to Ronnys desire to take part in the competition. iMac is supposed to be the most sophisticated computer that could perform bulky number of functions at high speed. But the impuissance in the machine to run the important features of Ronnys programs significantly jolted his confidence in the orchard apple trees products.Ronnys father was also not able to buy another computer for him because of the huge amount of money already spent on the expensive iMac. The father was highly proud of his word of honor and knew that advanced computer like iMac would greatly facilitate his son in improving his skills. He had also realized that the latest computer would help his genius son in ex ploiting his vast potential. His

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Summary - Essay physical exertionThe author also adds that he shall cover the vital issues concerning anti-democratic perspectives in Islamic political thought, which touch on divine sovereignty. He concludes the abstract by stating he shall argue in favor of the core of valet de chambre agency as a study factor in creating and suppressing these thoughts with regard to Islam and democracy. According to the author, although shura and baya are extensively covered in the Quran and Sunna, they are not discussed and dissected in detail. Rather, they choose been created by the ijitihad of Muslim jurists, creativity, political thoughts, and interpretations (Ashour 1). He goes on to say that he shall also address slightly likely counterarguments undemocratic decipher of the above-mentioned concepts, in addition to the most salient, and that is the Islamically-grounded argument related to the supposition of divine sovereignty. The research question at that placefore, is what are the fo undations of, and barriers to, democracy in Islamic political notions. The author ends this segment by confirming that his discussion will be focused on the previously-mentioned bases (baya and shura) and a major impediment (divine sovereignty as opposed to populist sovereignty). The conclusion will entail a full general evaluation of the connection between democracy and Islam (Ashour 2). Defining Democracy This section begins with a distinction of the 2 main forms of democracy heavy(p) and electoral. Drawing on the work of Joseph Schumpeter, electoral democracy may be defined as an institutional framework for arriving at political decisions in which individuals gain the power to shape through competitive struggle for the votes of the populace. Electoral democracy may be illiberal, condoning the tyranny of the majority as de Tocqueville described. Electoral democracy must not include detailed provisions for protecting the rights of the minorities, nor does it need the absence of special domains of power, like those of the clergy and their concept of valyi al-faqih in Iran or Turkeys military. On the other hand, liberal democracy is made up of many provisions for defending minorities against the tyranny of the majority. It also needs the absence of special domains of power for specific social groups like the clergy and the military. Is there an Islamic Political System? Experts on Islamic studies and Muslim political scholars are usually divided on this question, with two rejectionist factions at other ends of the divide and a lot of accomodationists sandwiched between them. The author states that all the arguments of the accomodationists (including the one on depoliticization) and the rejectionists base their defense and legitimacy at least partially (and in a majority of cases totally) on Islamic history and/or Islamic theological literature and scholars. It is virtually impossible therefore to present the argument that there is one sole special Isl amic political system. In other words, as put by two modernist Islamist scholars, Muslims have a human comprehension of Islam.it is erroneous for us to say that there is a particular system that symbolizes the Islamic system (Ashour 3). Does Islam have a Political Dimension? After a consideration of various theoretical and empirical arguments, a look at the Islamic

Music And Social Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Music And societal Identity - Essay ExampleIt is a observance of the different beliefs of the people and projects ideas and images which ultimately form what is called the accessible identity by which people identify themselves amongst their peers. Social identity means the characteristic attributes of a person that belong to a certain group. The process of social identification is one through which we express or relate to along with other people. Like for prototype taking Christians and Muslims groups we find that in each member of the Christian group they would be sharing sanctioned commonalities while being different to the Muslim group. There are many types of social identities like ethnic, religious, political, personalised and stigmatized etc. Shepherd, Horn, and Laing (2003) discuss that music has been a part of any society. It is present in each and every nuance around the globe although the form varies from region to region and changes with time. As it can be traced buttocks for as far as we can go hence the scientists are of view that it has existed for around 50,000 years. The grow of music sprung somewhere in Africa. From there onwards it has always been a very important indwelling part of the human beings as it exists even today and has progressed a lot. How music cultivates depends upon a specific culture of a region, the social aspects the economic background and the technological advancements. The type and form that the music evolves into is dependent on the response from the people of that region, their beliefs and preferences.

The Movie Waiting for the End of the World by Lee Deaville Essay

The Movie Waiting for the End of the World by Lee Deaville - Essay illustrationThis is possible through the unlinking of the audio and video tracks and ensuring that transitions are spiced up while keeping the engagement of the interview to the movie (Deaville, 2009). For instance, we first hear the alarm and then realize that on that point was someone sleeping has to fire up to report to work.The result is that the sound cuts into a scene prior to the picture or cuts immediately after the picture to form audio-lead-video split and video-lead-audio split respectively (Louise, 2011).The second is the match cut. The form of alter involved here is that of combining two gingersnaps of varying angle and configuration. In this regard, the action continues from one to shot to the other within the same place and time (Deaville, 2009). At times during work in the supermarket, there are many instances of the sound of a trolley on the move without first guessing who is energy it and to what direction.The intention is to make sure that all action is shown in seamless progression while steering on actions detail, offering a varying perspective to augment three-dimensionality, and the addition of zing and upsurge pacing(Louise, 2011).The third editing technique in the movie is the motivated cut. This cut is deliberately rank peculiarly on the point where their viewer is glued to a scene and then immediately the wants to see what is not observable at that time. The action in this editing is the determinant of the editing and camera work, especially in the shot/reverse shot technique. When the actor imagines that at times he feels he is not alone in the supermarket, the camera remains glued to him but the background noise justifies that the actor is authentically not alone and wants to learn the next clue (Deaville, 2009).Hitchcocks North by Northwest makes use of many editing techniques that clearly display numerous scenes clearly and smoothly. Through Hitchcock s editing, the audience manages to see different scenesthrough his eyes just the way they happen and in the way he sees them.

Personality & Attitudes on Revenge in the General Population of Scotland Essay Example for Free

genius Attitudes on R until nowge in the General Population of Scotland EssayFantasies variegate from person to person and atomic number 18 dependent on psycho uniform condition. In a clinical commonwealth fantasies tend to last longer than in non-clinical populations. Although oecumenic each head game has been heralded to last relatively short periods of time, the frequency of which they occur is usu altogethery the f behaveor that determines whether they atomic number 18 of concern or not (Gellerman and Suddath, 2005). in that location seems to be a limited sum of research uncommitted on the customary understanding of this effect but the literature that does exist appears to focus on three fussy areas, sustaining fantasies as a touror of deal with painful and stressful agencys in the general population however particularly in the clinical population (Zelin, Bernstein, Heijn, Jampel, Myerson, Adler, Buie Rizzuto, 1983 Harder Zelin, 1984 Greenwald Harder, 1994 Greenwald Harder, 1995 Greenwald and Harder, 1997) aggressive fantasies for pleasure or satisfaction in the general population unless more than often than not habitually involuntary for the clinical population and generally violent, knowledgeable and sadistic in nature (Gellerman Suddath, 2005 Egan Campbell, 2009 Selby, Anestis Joiner (2007), and finally, revenge fantasies concerning those who have catchd trauma (Mardi Harowitz, 2007). In search of material for this canvass affect has it that homicidal fantasies on the whole is the one of which focuses on a more simple view of its evident natural occurrence in natural surroundings of ein truthday life, and suck ups the evolving acceptance that m whatsoever normal police abiding citizens can and do have fantasies.Sustaining day-dreamFrom a orbit conducted by Zelin et al (1983) the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ) was genuine to measure sustaining functions in psychiatric inpatients in comparison with non-patients. This questionnaire was constructed specifically to measure fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God, closeness, post and revenge, awe of self, competition and aesthetics. The questionnaire was then utilised to determine that psychiatric inpatients scored higher than non-patients on fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God and closeness but fantasies of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics did not differentiate surrounded by groups. Thus, suggesting that the questionnaire was able to differentiate the groups by joke factors such as death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God and closeness and highlighted associations of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics with an unconditional measure of psychology.It is said that experiencing Sustaining Fantasies is a long-familiar, consistent and repetitive conscious deception adopted to function roll in the hay with feel ings of a painful and stressful situation. According to Zelin et al (1983) the sustaining trick is a concept based on the observation that at times of extreme negative emotional states, ca apply by anger or swollen grievance, great deal often resort to this as a means of re-creating a more ideal situation than that of which bear upon the painful experience, fabricating a sense of satisfaction, restoring self-esteem and emotional equilibrium, and decreasing frustration. Ultimately, the sustaining vision is based on the assumption that such fantasies signify and demonstration the basic construction and helpes that have evolved in the course of efforts to accommodate to painful situations. We are re drumheaded by Zelin et al (1983) that this fancy is of a specific type called only into forgather when suffering increasing directs of stress, and should not be confused by those fantasies used as a mantled endeavour of pleasure or solutions to relatively un-stressful problems, su ch studies go out be discussed later in the review. genius year on, Harder Zelin (1984) furthered the hit the books of Zelin et al (1983) accepting that the sustaining fantasy questionnaire was authentic primarily with psychiatric inpatients, but recognising similarly, the potency for its use in testing correlates among a more general sample. Assuming that everyone uses sustaining fantasies to aid or life themselves through highly stressful periods in life and presuming the importance of this factor in the capability to argue adaptively rather than maladaptively, Harder Zelin (1984) extended cares and investigations into the genius functioning in the general population as well as with pathological persons.They did this by examining the relationship amidst the 10 types of sustaining fantasies report by Zelin et al (1983) and deuce dimensions of self-concept self-derogation and stableness of self-concept, suspecting that the type of sustaining fantasy that the person cha racteristically brings into play will be consistent with and in subscribe to of their self-concept, an important relation with psychological-social adjustment and even a potential determinant of psychological-social adjustment. Successfully, the results demonstrated that the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire was rock-steady not only to differentiate between groups of psychiatric inpatients from normal controls, as Zelin et al (1983) demonstrated, but also to distinguish the group of college students used in this count.Just over a decade later Greenwald Harder (1994) followed on from Zelin et al (1983), attempting to examine the expect associations between psychopathology, just about replicating exactly, apart from their use of a student population primarily from a middle-class backgrounds. In addition, Greenwald Harder (1994) questioned if the sustaining fantasy scales associated with weaker functioning, reflects a more general pathology factor as proposed in the data of Zelin e t al (1983) or, whether each reflects a particular maladaptive style that is signified by an exceptional construction of associations with the MMPI clinical scales. Further support and reliability of Zelin et al (1983) is strengthened in Greenwald Harders (1994) findings that power/revenge, death/illness, withdrawal/ cheerion and suffering are all related significantly to some(prenominal) of the MMPI measures of overall psychopathology, thusly four of the six fantasy types that imply psychopathology in the inpatients (Zelin et al, 1983) were too the indicators of pathology in the study using the middle-class students.Considering all of the previously mentioned studies (Zelin et al, 1983 Harder Zelin, 1984 Greenwald Harder, 1994) it seems fair to say that ample evidence has been gathered to ground that definite types of sustaining fantasy ideas, characteristically used to comfort the self when experiencing feelings of hurt and stress, are associated with indications of psychopa thological adjustment. The subscribe for Greenwald Harder (1995) was then to examine to what extent there are parallels between them and the degree to which such content ideas whitethorn well point out psychopathology. With reference to past research on daydreaming, where Singer Antrobus (1972) have suggested that particular collections of imagery content appear to propose less favourable styles, there seems to be similarities with the findings of Zelin et al (1983), although they did punctuate the difference between otherwise fantasies such as daydreams and re headland us not to confuse them. reversion to this emphasis and that of Zelin et al (1983), clinical impressions have proposed that in more elbow rooms than one, the overall content of these two types of fantasies is rather parallel. As a result of this proposal, Greenwald Harder (1995) look intod whether sustaining fantasies generally show a strong similarity to the usual daydreams preferred by an individual, or whet her there really is a movement from the content of ordinary daydreams to the familiar self-comforting ones that provide support during feelings of pain and stress. To do this they compared the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire and the numerous Imaginal Process Inventory (IPI) (Singer Antrobus, 1972) scales for correspondence in content and in their relationships to measures of psychopathology, and a great deal of consistency was discovered even when partialling for social desirability. It was cerebrate that there was in fact considerable overlap in the content and of correspondence between both, sustaining fantasy and daydreams, and furthermore, it was highlighted that three particular IPI scales were observed to give significant indications of psychopathology fear reaction, bizarre and hostile.Despite the enjoy in these findings Greenwald Harder (1995) speculated the possibility that rather than the findings being a result of specific content they may be the result of a broad l evel of association between the two scales. In pursuit of this assumption further analysis detected the average degree of correlation between SFQ and IPI characteristics in comparison to the level of association displayed by those relationships they predicted, finding that although there was no significance, there was a trend toward significance. Thus, suggesting that a general commonality between the SFQ and the IPI may have been a factor in contributing to the extent of their triumph in predictions for the study.On this note one should be reminded that for the purpose of reliability and validity, considering an underlying weakness alongside the success is vital for afterlife study in terms of recognising the possibility for individuals to very well imagine and daydream simultaneously in ordinary and/or stressful situations. It is now becoming patent that sustaining fantasies are possibly not quite as specific from other fantasies in particular situations such as coping with stressful matters, as was first purpose, or, that if they are, they do not always emerge completely alone. make up on the results of this study Greenwald Harder (1995) propose the question of whether it would be beneficial to use the findings of their study, subsequent past research, to canvas clinical manipulation of the content and/or frequency of fantasy having therapeutic effects, bearing in mind the given definition of sustaining fantasy in Zelin et al (1983) at the beginnings of this extensive research.To address the proposed questions that emerged from Greenwald Harder (1995) they conducted another study in 1997 replicating the previously discussed studies and replicating reported relationships between coping behaviours and psychopathology however, this time they utilised measurement instruments that were developed by different investigators, presented different answer formats, and were not developed to measure the same content areas as before. They rateed whether co nsistent relationships exist between the content of self-reported coping behaviours, sustaining fantasies, and ordinary daydreams and in addition attempted to rank coping behaviours associated with psychopathology, exploring any consociateions between coping behaviours, fantasies, and daydreams correlated with pathology.Pearson correlations indicated similar content between coping behaviours and the two types of fantasy and significant inter-correlations were found between sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and coping behaviours that, separately, were found to be significantly associated with psychopathology. In the process of this investigation, and with influencing thoughts created by the previous workings, Greenwald and Harder (1997) took into consideration the likelihood to expect there would be a consistency between the region of fantasy and behaviour, and that individuals would report thoughts and action in parallel ways but then again, consider also that it is also probable t o anticipate that fantasies could serve as a substitute for action, and that a report of specific fantasy content might be inversely associated with behaviour that contains similar content.Growing in strength, again the results of Greenwald Harder (1997) were successful in that there is a significant association with regard to the content among self-reported daydreams, sustaining fantasies, and coping behaviours, even after controlling for social desirability. These results are found to be more influential collectable to the fact that they were obtained with assessment instruments that were developed by different investigators, used different response formats, and were not developed to measure the same content areas.Therefore, this information suggest that, while there may be about instances of fantasies and behaviours that relate inversely to each other, fantasies usually are consistent with behavioural coping styles. These findings then highlight that there is a complex of dayd reams, fantasies, and behavioural responses that could be used to characterize individuals. Furthermore, to generalize the findings of this study it was recommended that future studies should be conducted with other subject populations that lodge in into account age, culture, socioeconomic status and residence environment (Greenwald Harder, 1997), however, it seems beguile to mention that maybe at this point it is a good time to look at how the sustaining fantasy ideology has branched out to embrace other influencing factors.Aggressive FantasiesEgan Campbell (2009) expanded research on sustaining fantasies almost taking it to a new level by selecting a diverse population, as recommended by Greenwald Harder (1997), but more importantly taking into account other domains that showed potential to reveal relationships from another angle. Such were, sensory topics, general personality traits, and self-reported corporal aggression. They found relationships between sensational inter ests and physical aggression, regardless of gender. Personality and the practical application of negative sustaining fantasies significantly forecast physical aggression.When the SFQ was reduced to three higher order factors positive, negative, and narcissistic sustaining fantasies, correlations were found between neuroticism (N) and both positive and negative sustaining fantasies, although the association was stronger for negative fantasies. There were small associations between positive sustaining fantasies and indirect non-physical hostility although these relations were humble, and openness (O) was a stronger predictor. Narcissistic sustaining fantasies related to low levels of agreeability (A), replicating associations between low A and narcissism generally. Ultimately proposing that aggressive and hostile persons are more stimulated by violent stimuli and that isolation is a further risk-increasing factor for aggressive interests.Following on from this last of risk-increasi ng factors, attention was directed back a few years in literature to a study conducted by Gellerman Suddath (2005). They discussed risk-increasing factors in relation to questioning at what point would a health schoolmaster perhaps become concerned with a persons fantasy enough for it to become their duty to forewarn or protect others from potential dangerousness, or even attempt to protect the person from them self. In the health profession an paygrade of dangerousness includes not only asking about violent fantasies but also asking about physical and sexual content (Gellerman Suddath, 2005).Gellerman and Suddath (2005) looked at the conditions in which the disclosure of violent fantasies to a mental health professional may generate cause for concern and a duty to warn or protect other citizens. Reviewing legal cases in which violent fantasies were considered in the context of meter potential dangerousness and the literature available on homicidal and sexually violent fantasie s in both non-incarcerated and criminal populations was also examined. It was concluded that no untroubled predictive relationship between violent fantasies and wickedly hazardous behaviour was reported in the available literature and suggestions of issues that mental health professionals may hypothesise about when gauging whether a particular violent fantasy is a sign for concern requiring rise to a duty in protecting others.At last, this newspaper is very interesting in that it is greatly unbiased and clearly discusses both the harmful aspects of fantasy as well as the innocent or un-harmful aspects, thus showing the importance of distinguishing between the two possibilities, which essential be said, is something that is lacking in the papers previously reviewed. Gellerman and Suddath (2005) condoneed in detail the definition of violent fantasy for the purpose of their paper which must be credited as again, not legion(predicate) papers in this field have done so. They expres sed their perception of violent fantasy as a thought in which an individual imagines physically harming a fellow human being in some way. They explain that the content of individual fantasies may shift from anything such as murder, sexual assault, or inappropriate sexual activity.It is emphasised that fantasy must be distinguished from an excogitation, in that the imaginary violence is not directly designed to guide or prepare for action. On the other hand, it is said that any expression of intention to harm another person is when we should have cause for concern as this is without doubt communicating a threat rather than a fantasy. Gellerman and Suddath (2005) noted two important points in terms of distinguishing between fantasy being harmless or harmful, firstly, while not instantaneously aimed at guiding action, fantasy has been illustrated as serving a number of clinical functions, including control and relief of anxiety and substitution for action therefore harmless to other s and at the same time very useful to the fantasizer, secondly, from a harmful perspective fantasy may also be preparation for action and it is from this perspective that concern should be heightened in the military rank of dangerousness and the duty to protect.Gellerman and Suddath (2005) go on to give balanced examples of both harmless and harmful fantasies. In their comparisons of both sides and in both populations, un-incarcerated and criminal, together with their overall review of the literature they used, they suggest that as fantasies of murder were slightly common in general Western European and American populations, and a range of fantasies of aggression and sexual violence were less common, but were by no means rare, people should bear in mind that this high prevalence of homicidal and sexually aggressive fantasy can only make us question then, to what extent can such fantasies be considered deviant.In addition it should be highlighted that Gellerman and Suddath (2005) f ound that actual studies have evidently established that many more individuals have homicidal and sexually violent fantasies than act on them. The relationship between violent fantasy and behaviour in these studies was correlative at best, and no suggestions were given in attempt to identifying the minority of individuals with violent fantasies who may be at risk of acting them out. Altogether, it was concluded that predictors better than fantasies alone are the eminence of the fantasies, the concern with them, and the level of preparation and detail, and the history of any past violent behaviours all need to be looked at collectively (Gellerman Suddath, 2005).Another study of interest where aggressive fantasies seek personal pleasure but in a paradoxical way is that of Selby, Anestis Joiner (2007). They reported that self-destructive individuals regularly report the reoccurrence of fantasy where they can visualise their death by suicide very clearly in their imagination, almost like watching it on TV. Selby et al (2007) found that many unremittingly self-destructive individuals are thought to have a romantic affection for death and as a result, connect themselves in vivid fantasies or daydreams about the process and the after-effects. This somewhat idealistic thought process even appears to be a pleasant motion for them.In desperation of escape from torment and pain (Baumeister, 1990), it seems that the act of suicide is the answer and therefore thinking about the liberation that death would present, perhaps enables suicidal individuals to experience positive affects similar to that of non-suicidal individuals daydreaming or fantasizing about future life events such as holidays (Selby et al, 2007). This daydreaming may actually be a form of emotion dysregulation, in suicidal individuals, one that would appear, perhaps paradoxically, to increase positive affect yet may increase later risk for serious suicidal behaviour. This psychological state was also co nsidered by Zelin et al (1983).Revenge FantasiesSuicidal behaviour, just like the fantasies they provoke, vary in content and from person to person however for the purpose of this review it should be mentioned that revenge fantasies among many other things, can often be the cause for suicidal behaviour (Mardi Harowitz, 2007). In one way the reason behind the fantasies are similar per se feelings of rage shame guilt etc., but in another way very different often unwanted and uncontrollable. Revenge fantasies are described as being beyond normal bitter thoughts and sometimes dangerous. The study conducted by Mardi Harowitz (2007) was an attempt to seek solutions to a hypothetical case demonstrating a problem existing in clinical practice.The method behind this is for the authors to review current data on prevalence, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment and ultimately conclude treatment recommendations. Again it is brought to attention that the quantity of literature addressing f antasy is limited, Mardi Harowitz (2007) pointed out at the beginning of their paper that revenge fantasies have been discussed in literature, however not adequately addressed, a problem common for most papers in this review. Like all other fantasies per se, revenge fantasies can provide a sense of reinstated purpose and regain of control in an otherwise traumatized life and purely for this purpose it is imperative to assist traumatized individuals in recognizing this.Mardi Harowitz (2007) split the scenario up into sections in sequence to how step by step the scenario would be assessed and addressed in a clinical setting. completely important techniques and procedures were discussed such as, the importance of techniques in psychotherapy being put in place with the untold needed interpretations and reappraisals and with careful differentiation of rational and irrational beliefs. It was explained that it is then, that the function of revenge fantasies as giving an illusion of str ength can be interpreted.Mardi Harowitz (2007) suggest the fact that the results of therapy may be attenuation of symptoms, and revenge fantasies are deep-rooted, there is an important need for informing the patients that revenge fantasies are likely to return, and are frequently generated by things as simple as seeing a movie, being hurt, or entering an irritated liquid body substance as a result of fatigue. Mardi Harowitz (2007) go on to explain that the professional should help the patient conception a comeback, which can engage in reviewing a pre-established set of ideas, overall they express that their goal is to help the patient gain a sense of restored control, self-esteem, and self-coherence without resorting to the strong-me property of a revenge fantasy.Taking into account the apparent lack of topic specific resources that provide general information on the influences of fantasy in the general public, and the gaps that seem wide open between studies in fantasy, it seems fair to say that the beginning would be a good place to start. As a result the current study will seek to investigate attitudes of the general public toward fantasies, looking to find out what they think fantasies might be and to what extent they think it is normal for people to have them. It will be hypothesised that most people will believe that a fantasy is a mere thought of imagination detached from reality to satisfy emotional desires without logical or moral constraints and likewise most people will agree that it is normal to have fantasies. It is expected that more people will agree, than disaccord, that it is ok and can be accepted as normal for people to have homicidal fantasies.MethodDesignA between- role players point biserial correlation will be used to analyse the data. The independent variables will be the self report personality inventory (IPIP-NEO) and the attitude measuring questions and the dependent variable will be musicians score on the IPIP-NEO and the attit ude score. Variables such as gender, age, marital status, housing tenure, regions, employment status, income bracket and criminal convictions will also be considered in relation to participant response to both independent variables.ParticipantsAccording to G Power participant number should be 191, however, for an lucifer balance, it will be at least 100 males and 100 females. The male and female participants will be ages of or between 21 and 65, and split between four regions (Glasgow, Paisley, Edinburgh Dundee).ApparatusParticipant information sheets (PIS) and accept forms will be given along with questionnaires that will be used to measure psychopathic personality traits (IPIP-NEO) and attitudes on aggressive revenge fantasies. Each participant will be given the same questionnaire to complete. The statistical analysis programme SPSS will be used to analyse and correlate the data.ProcedureEach participant will be given a brief introduction of the study and asked if they are wil ling to take part, if they are willing then they will be asked to carefully read the PIS, sign the consent form, which will be detached from the questionnaire as they will be anonymous, and complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of a self-report personality inventory, the International Personality Item Pool NEO (IPIP-NEO) developed by Witt, Donnellan Blonigen (2009), of which permission for use was granted by Edward A. Witt.This 40 item inventory will measure the psychopathic personality traits of fearless dominance (20 items) and Impulsive Antisociality (20 items) to assess how high or low participants score in comparison with each other. A four-option manifold response ( sour, Mostly False, Mostly True, True) format and a Likert-type scale will be used (False = 1, Mostly False = 2, Mostly True = 3, True = 4) to measure the data. In exception, the 1st, 4th, 9th, 14th, 15th,16th and 17th questions of Fearless Dominance will be measured in reverse scale. The second part of the questionnaire consists of 10 questions regarding attitudes toward people having revenge fantasies. Again, a four-option multiple response (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree) format and a Likert-type scale will be used (strongly disagree = 1, disagree = 2, agree = 3, strongly agree = 4) to measure the data.ReferenceBaumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as Escape from Self. Psychological Review, 97, 90-113.Egan, V. Campbell, V. (2009) lurid Interests, Sustaining Fantasies and Personality Predict Physical Aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 464-469Gellerman, D. M. Suddath, R. (2005). Violent Fantasy, Dangerousness, and the Duty to Warn and Protect. daybook of the American Academy of Psychiatric Law, 33, 484-495.Greenwald, D. F. Harder, D. W. (1994). Sustaining Fantasies and Psychopathology in a Normal Sample. Journal of clinical Psychology, 50, 705-708.Greenwald, D. F. Harder, D. W. (1995). Sustaining Fantasies, Daydreams, and Psychop athology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 719-726.Greenwald, D. F. Harder, D. W. (1997). Fantasies, Coping Behaviour, and Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 91-97.Harder, D. W. Zelin, M. L. (1984). Sustaining Fantasies and Self-Concept Among College Students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 743-748Mardi, J. Harowitz, M. D. (2007). Understanding and Ameliorating Revenge Fantasies in Psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 24-27.Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D. Joiner Jr, T. E. (2007). Daydreaming About Death Violent Daydreaming as a Form of sensation Dysregulation in Suicidality. Behavior Modification, 31, 867-879.Singer, J. L. Antrobus, J. S. (1972). Daydreaming, Imaginal Processes and Personality A Normative Study. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.). The function and nature of imagery. (pp. 175-202). New York academician Press.Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B. Blonigen, D. M. (2009). Using Existing Self-Report Inventories to Measure the Psychopathic Persona lity Trait of Fearless Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 1006-1016.Zelin, M. L., Bernstein, S. B., Heijn, C., Jampel, R. M., Myerson, P. G., Adler, G., Buie, D. H. Rizzuto, A. M. (1983). The Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire Measurement of Sustaining Functions in Psychiatric Inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 427- 439.

Hardest Victory Essay Example for Free

Hardest Victory EssayIt is well know that mans every desire set outs forth, non from the mind, solely from the core of his heart. It is this very heart that compels him to anticipate and fulfill those desires be it moral or immoral in nature. From day one, man has sought to get hold of every single want that finds its way into his heart and he seldom offers any resistance against these.He whitethorn be all powerful and mighty when it comes to his daily hurdles but his weakness is obvious in the fact that he cannot control and conquer the spirit in him that unceasingly demands much and more the spirit against which, obtaining victory is nearly impossible. This is exactly the message Aristotle, through philosophical knowledge, has made an attempt to convey, to not only you or me but to all of us a message stating, that the hardest victory is victory oer the self.Indeed, Aristotle was right when he spoke about victory over ones self macrocosm the hardest to obtain. Very ofte n, it so happens, that despite the attempts made, one is unable to understand himself. He is left with no intimation about who he is, where he is and most importantly, what he wants in life. This has resulted in him being uncertain and dubitable about his basic needs and so called luxuries. He is blinded by passions that may or may not be in his capability to achieve.But he is unaware that in his attempts to achieve these passions at any cost, he is loosing a battle against his greedy spirit what he doesnt know is that he has given himself to materialistic elements elements that exit only pull him down, making it harder for him to breathe and live with ease it will only make it more difficult for him to conquer that spirit, that big hurdle, that comes in his way to being actually victorious a sight which is not all that common in the generation of today because this put generation is a goal oriented and career driven kind that has given rise to numerous problems and various d ilemmas due to its striving nature.At this point of time, it would only be right to say, that in rules of ordinate to be a true winner, man has got to learn that there is only one war to be fought it is this war that determines the result of his success.This war is not symbolically a political or religious one, but signifies one that is personal and within ones self. One must realize that in order to achieve success, it is necessary to surmount and do away with the desires of his mortal heart. Only then is he assailable of acquiring the victory that was, is and will forever be the dream of scores of people who have come and are to come into this world.To conclude and leave you pondering, it would be best to impart to you a statement I happen to recall, a statement made by Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu a statement that goes like this He who controls others may be powerful, but he who has mastered himself is mightier still.

Developing Oral Language Summary Essay Example for Free

Developing Oral Language Summary EssayOral lecture and compose language ar essential skills that are requested for intelligence. Comprehension is defined as an misgiving of unwritten examination and written language. In place for a child to comprehend what they are breeding, several factors must(prenominal) be intimate into play. Reading and decoding the words effortlessly without errors is the of import step toward comprehension. When a child is narration give lessonsbook, they are experiencing phonemic sentience by looking out the words in their mind. Writing is the coterminous step toward comprehension.Writing goes hand in hand with holding. When a child is writing, they are also sounding out the words in their mind. Adults play a huge role in how children develop oral language skills. Automatic language is part of our everyday routines and children learn by listening and speaking, phonological awareness and alphabetic knowledge, print awareness, comprehe nsion, and writing (Virginia.gov, n.d.). When educatees are learning to read and write, they do so simultaneously. It used to be thought that disciples should learn how to read first and then learn how to write. However, research has shown that learning to write magic spell learning to read is important and vital in the development of reading (Pearson, D. 2007). A student postulate to be able to read and write fluently in order to comprehend the poppycock.In order to comprehend academic language, which is what students will use in school, there are certain concepts that a student must learn. Students need to learn syntax which is how words are formed to be able to cause sentences void of errors. Students need to semantics which is defined as the meaning of language. Students should be able to cognitively understand and opine about what they are reading. They also need to know how to use the language which is known as pragmatics. by the use of various resources, students buil d up their vocabulary and strengthen their abilities to read fluently. the larger the readers vocabulary (either oral or print), the easier it is to make sense of the text edition edition (National Institute,.n.d.). At this point, they will learn text structure and how sentences are strewn together.Of course, this all depends on what genre of text they are attempting to read and how complex the text in regards to the grade particular proposition text they are reading. Being able to comprehend what one is reading all depends on what mood the student is in at the time. The student should be motivated and fire in the reading material. They need to understand the purpose of the reading is it for enjoyment or for a school assignment? All of these are key factors that lead to comprehension. Another element of comprehension is cognitive targets. cognitive targets are defined as the way a person comprehends or thinks about what is being read.The targets are locate and recall, integrate a nd interpret, and critique and evaluate. Locate and recall refers to locating or recalling something specific, such as the main idea, about the text they have read. Integrate and interpret refers to how a student elicit explain or compare what they have read. Critique and evaluate refers to how a student exams the text or evaluates certain split of the text. Students practice these cognitive targets in both literary and informational texts. Examples of literary text include poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. Informational texts include trio broad categories exposition argumentation and persuasive text and procedural text and documents texts (NAEP).There are specific forms of instruction to improve comprehension and are most effective when taught together if possible. Comprehension monitoring is when a person is aware that they understand what is being read. Cooperative learning is when a group of students learn to read together. Graphic and semantic organizers are tools that reade rs use to represent material so that it is easier to comprehend. Question generation and dubiousness answering is when a reader asks themselves questions about the text and answers questions from the teacher.Story structure is when students are able to call in the main part of the story and answer questions about the story. Summarization is when a student reads text material and is able to generalize the entire text into a shorter passage. harmonise to the article, Writing to Read, instructional recommendations have shown transcend results for improving students reading (Graham S., Hebert. M., 2010). When these are other instructional methods are implemented into the reading process, comprehension canister be very effective. This is especially true if these methods are built on top of an already essential language, strong primer coat knowledge, and a high vocabulary.When teach students comprehension through oral language and writing, teachers need to incorporate English lang uage learners into their curriculum. English language learners may have linguistic issues and cultural background issues that are not only preventing comprehension, but also preventing reading and writing to begin with. As a teacher, it is crucial to first assess the ELLs reading status to find out exactly where they are in the reading process. If so, what strategies can be implemented to better teacher the ELLs. Also, a teacher demand to assess whether the students cultural background is preventing them from understanding the language.If this is the case, the teacher needs to learn the students background in order to assess where they are coming from academically. Not unlike autochthonic English learners, socioeconomic background can have an effect on how an ELL student is doing in school. According to the article, Cultural and Linguistic Impact, Patricia C. Salazar explains, A student who comes from an educated middle-class family will have a dissimilar approach to learning tha n one who comes from a war-torn region of the world where food is scarce, and tragedy and injury are daily occurrences (Salazar, PC. 2009). Teaching an ELL student how to develop oral and written language will come from a successful assessment of the student.In order for a student to be successful at comprehension, oral language and written language skills must be mastered first. Reading is enhanced by written language and writing is enhanced by oral language. To facilitate a childs learning, parents and teachers should provide as m either resources as possible to accomplish this. In order to comprehend oral and written language, the student needs to be motivated and be reading grade specific text in order for the student to retain what they are reading.Cognitive targets are useful in facilitating comprehension and used regularly. Teachers also use different forms of instruction when teaching students how to build oral and written language. Finally, when teaching English language l earners how to develop oral and written language, it is imperative that the teacher first learn of any linguistic or background issues and adjust their curriculum accordingly. It is crucial that educators teach students how to develop oral and written language in order to be successful academically.ReferencesGraham, S. Hebert, M. (2010). Writing to Read Evidence for how Writing can Improve Reading. Vanderbilt University. Carnegie Corporation, NY. Retrieved from http//carnegie.org/fileadmin/Media/Publications/WritingToRead_01.pdfLanguage Development. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//languagedevelopment.tripod.com/id11.htmlLanguage and Literacy Language. (n.d.). Retrieved from and Literacy http//www.dss.virginia.gov/files/division/cc/provider_training_development/intro_page/publications/milestones/milestones_individually/05.pdfNational Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). National judicial decision of Educational Progress (NAEP). Retrieved from http//nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/re ading/whatmeasure.aspNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). What Works in Comprehension Instruction. Retrieved from http//www.readingrockets.org/article/105/Pearson, D.P. (2007). Reading Researcher Advocates Strengthening Literacy Programs Through Reading-Writing Synergy. Retrieved from https//portal.flsouthern.edu/ICS/icsfs/reading_writing_synergy.pdf?target=7fde5bd4-34ca-4c2a-9b7b-3cf7f64718b8

The European Union and the common European currency, the Euro Essay Example for Free

The European Union and the common European currency, the Euro EssayThe European Union (EU) is an frugal and political partnership of 27 nations with a citizenship base of 495 million persons. The EU functions through three bodies. The European Parliament which represents the people, the Council of the EU which represents the governments of the member states, and the European Commission which represents the common interests of the people and the governments. This operating method is called above nationalism and is characterized by shared power among individual governments. One way the the EU accomplishes its goals is through the physical exertion of a common currency, the Euro. According to the European Commission website, the Euro was introduced in 1999 and is currently used by 15 member nations including, by order of adoption, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland, Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus, and Malta. The purp ose of the Euro is to create a common market. Of the nations that make up not pick out the Euro, two have been exempt by treaty (Denmark and United Kingdom). The others are newer EU member nations who have not met the requirements to adopt the common currency.Participating nations must adapt their fiscal and economic policies to mirror those of the EU. The Euro reduces cope barriers among member nations. It also facilitates and enhances international trade opportunities for member nations by reducing currency exchange cost and protecting member nations from fluctuations in currency values in the international market.For example, the Euro helps member nations to protect their economies from perfect fluctuations in international oil prices. Several nations purchasing oil in the common currency gives them great negotiating power based on the amount of Euros invested in the oil markets.The Euro fosters a sense of European indistinguishability similar to how the American identity is common across 50 states along with the symbol of the U. S. dollar.Works Cited European Commission. The Euro. Economic and Financial Affairs. 23 Oct. 2008. http//ec. europa. eu/economy_finance/t he_euro/index_en. htm? cs_mid=2946. Panorama of the European Union. Europa. eu. 23 Oct. 2008. http//europa. eu/ alphabet/panorama/index_e n. htm. Supra nationalism. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. 23 Oct. 2008. http//mw1. m-w. com/dictionary/suprana tionalism.

Body Atlas Essay Example for Free

Body Atlas Essay snuff it meeting, we watched a film called body atlas. The film was about human body, bones, heart, line of work, skin, generative system, and etc. It gives us a basic understanding of the parts and function of different systems in the human body. For example, the heart, it keeps our body alive because it pumps blood all around our body that contains oxygen. Heart has the main role of blood circulation in the body. Another key part of the body is the blood. It carries substances like nutrients such as amino acids and oxygen to the other parts of the body. It as well contains white blood kiosks which are vital for the bodys immune system. From the film, one that strikes me the most was the reproductive system and how babies are made. Weve all k right away the basic idea on how to make babies man meets woman, they both(prenominal) get naked and have sex, and nine months later, a cosset pop out. But from the film weve watched, it shows the step by step pro cess on how the egg cell and sperm cell meet and how is the baby created inside the body. When a man ejaculates, despite the millions of sperms cell produced and released , only one can fertilized an egg.If an egg cell meets up with a healthy sperm on its way to the uterus, the two can join and come out the process of creating a new life. The first 12 weeks of pregnancy, known as the first trimester, abound with changes and return in the unborn baby. It takes up to two weeks for the process to be completed for you to become pregnant. In the tertiary week, sperm and egg come together to create a zygote. In the fifth week, though the unborn baby is less than 1/4-inch long, her brain, heart, spinal cord and other vital organs begin to form. The babys circulatory system likewise begins the first stages of development. Sixth and seventh week, Some of the babys basic facial features are now visible during the sixth and seventh weeks, and his heart begins pumping blood.Eight week, with legs and arms growing longer and fingers beginning to develop, also develops an upper lip and nose, and the nipples and eyes are visible. Ninth and tenth week, Bones begin to form in your babys arms, which now bend at the elbows. The babys toes also start developing, and his eyelids and ears continue to be formed. At the 10th week, your babys soul gets rounder, the neck begins to develop and the eyelids close to guard the eyes. At the 11th week, the baby ends the embryonic period and enters the foetus stage. The fetus begins to develop external genitalia. In the final week of the first trimester, the baby grows fingernails. After that, a new life begins.

Analysis of “Their Eyes Were Watching God” Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Their Eyes Were Watching God EssayThe search for ones individuation is as poignant for the fictional character Janie as it was for former slave Frederick Douglass. Douglass used direction to form an independent identity, which would separate him from the white slave masters. In contrast, Janie attempts to construct a dependent identity through marriage to each of her three husbands. With the death of her final husband Tea bar, she plants the jutds he leftfield behind, symbolically proving that she has grown as the seeds leave alone grow and she is now a wo human with her own identity. Janies initiative husband Logan does non understand that like any plant, Janie needs room to grow. He gives Janie secular advantages through his sixty acres of land, but does not know how to treat her as his wife and not a servant. The reader receives a glimpse into his heart as he sobs while shouting his hesitancy that she is planning to leave him, proving that he does want to please her.Through their lack of communication, however, Janie feels that the relationship is dead and leaves to adopt Joe Starks, whom she believes will always provide her with springtime. Joe Starks gives her material wealth as well as a bragging(a) position in the community for the price of her ultimate subservience. He is a jealous husband so she is not allowed to let her hair down in the store for fear that other men superpower covet it, and he refuses to let her take part in the community gatherings outside the store. After vii years of marriage and constant submission, Janie reflects on their relationship, realizing that She wasnt petal-open with him anymore.As in her first marriage, Joe wants someone who will serve him and fill the role of the mayors wife, not an equal partner. While married to Joe she rump only be the mayors wife and receive respect through his position sort of of receiving respect for herself. Janies final marriage to Tea Cake teaches her to love herself, though at first she still is dependent upon having a man around for a sense of identity. She places great importance on his desire to play checkers with her and it seems as though Janie will always need a man beside her for fulfillment.Tea Cake shows her to love each aspect of herself. Janie comments on their blooming relationship during the hurricane, If you can see the light at daybreak, you dont keer if you die at dusk. Its so many masses never seen de light at all. Janies light is her newfound ability to realize her worth. When Tea Cake is bit by the mad dog and attempts to bite her Janie saves herself, knowing that he loved her more. At the wises conclusion Janie says, Two things everybodys got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin fuh theyselves. thus power of truth for Janie is not book knowledge, but rather the knowledge that she has grown to discover an identity all her own.

The big 5 personality traits Essay Example for Free

The big 5 spirit traits actIntroduction1. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship mingled with the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, giveability and openness) and c ber advantage (Seibert Kraimer,2001). A questionnaire was sent by post to 2781 graduates of descent and engineering. 496 alumni took part in the go over (318 males and 178 females).The conclusions were that agreeableness is not well related to life story success there is no relationship amongst the other four factors and cargoner success. High people orientated jobs giveed a poor relationship between agreeableness and salary. Low people orientated jobs shows no relationship between agreeableness and salary. METHOD2. locomote success can be defined as the positive psychological and work related outcomes as a final result of work completed by each private. Construct definition is the overall basic idea which is being examined career success. Opera tional definition describes what the variables are and how each is rated. The variables are inessential and intrinsic career success. Greenhaus et al. measured intrinsic career success with a quintette-item career ecstasy scale. each participant was asked to show their levels of triumph with their careers, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the advancedest.Two self-reports were utilize to measure outside career success. each participant was asked to show the number of promotions they had gotten throughout their career. They also had to show their annual salary level. Altogether the variables included log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, sexuality and occupation type. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001)RESULTS3. Central Tendency-The way in which quantitative info clusters around a midpoint. Dispersion- How far your pull ahead are from your measure of central tendency. Mean is a measure of central tendencyStandar d Deviation(S.D) is a measure of dispersion.Sex a categorical form of data (male/female). This is badly represented as the type deviation is above the mean (if S.D is higher than the mean, a minus is applicable). For gender you cant measure central tendency besides youcan measure dispersion. Personally, I think that gender doesnt run low in the table.Promotions Are badly represented as the S.D is very high. I think that using the method instead of S.D would resolve this issue. life satisfaction is represented good. Both the mean and S.D appear to work well. Career satisfaction was measured using Greenhaus et el.(1990) scale of career satisfaction. I dont think whatsoever changes need to be made. agreeability is represented good. However I think the definition for agreeableness leaves a lot to be desired for. In saying that, both the mean and the S.D appear to work well. My proposition would be to leave it but whitethornbe reconsider the definition. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001)DI SCUSSION4. (A)In my opinion, I dont agree with the definition of agreeableness in this context. amenity is ones interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting and gullible at one utmost(a) to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other I dont agree with this as only alumni from business and engineering were surveyed. another(prenominal) people orientated jobs such as teachers, nurses etc. were not included. Therefore it cannot be generalised. In my opinion, I think that people high on agreeableness (in this case) rich person lower extrinsic career success. Whereas they may be happy in their jobs they may not get promotions.(B)Yes, I do think that agreeableness causes lower salaries for individuals working in high people orientated jobs. People who are more agreeable are more apt(predicate) to fill out surveys. They are more likely to do more work for little money therefore promotions would not come into account as employers may take adv antage of these workers. (C)The sample attrition is the dropout rate which occurred.The surveys were mailed to 2781 homes of business and engineer graduates. Each individual had graduated 3-39 years prior to the survey.773 were returned (28% response rate). 668 had fully completed the survey. Out of that 668, 49 were unemployed, 33 worked part time and 96 were self-employed. The final number of participants was 496.If the sample attrition was included this could exhaust influenced the data as the sample size would be larger and more random. Self-employed people may moderate different levels of personality traits, e.g. higher extraversion as theyhave leadership skills. Unemployed people may be high in agreeableness as they may lack confidence. I think that would have a great effect on the overall data. (D)Two variables could be combined within one individual e.g. agreeableness and extraversion. The individual may not get a promotion due to the level of agreeableness they obtain how ever with the high levels of assertiveness and sociability in an extraversion they could also get promoted.Other variables included log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender, occupational type and the big five personality traits. By only surveying business and engineer graduates it made the study easier for themselves as there are less levels in these jobs than in other occupations such nurses or doctors. The Big 5 personality traits definitionsNeuroticism indicates adjustment versus emotional stability. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are characterized by high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness. extroversion High levels of extraversion indicate sociability, warmth, assertiveness, and activity, whereas individuals low on extraversion may be draw as reserved, sober, aloof, task-oriented, and introverted. Openness is defined in terms of curiosity and the tendency fo r seeking and appreciating new experiences and young ideas.Individuals who score low on openness are characterized as conventional, unartistic, and narrow in interests. Agreeableness Agreeableness is ones interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting, and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other. conscientiousness indicates the individuals degree of organization, persistence, and motivation in goal-directed behaviour. Achievement-orientation and dependability or conformity have been found to be primary facets of conscientiousness (Seibert Kraimer,2001)High people orientated occupation is where the individual is a sociable, people person, with good interpersonal skills. People with a high people orientated occupation moldiness be able to do the following speak, persuade, serve, supervise, instruct, mentor and negotiate with others.Some jobs include sales, division managers, administrator managers and human resourcemanagers, where interaction with other people is frequent. Low people orientated occupations include the resister of high people orientated occupations. People with low people orientated jobs would work as a financial or market analyst, a MIS specialist, or an IT department where little involvement with people occurs. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) termination5. I think that there is enough evidence to support that the big 5 personality traits are related to career success. The results were as follows The full set of personality variables was not related significantly to promotions but extraversion was correlated significantly with promotions. Intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes have been considered as related but to explicit aspects of career success.Extrinsic career success was associated with extraversion and, with less consistency, openness to experience and agreeableness. Individuals who were higher on extraversion received greater salaries and more promotions than did those l ower on extraversion. Individuals who were less open to experience and less agreeable received greater salaries compared to their more open or agreeable peers. Intrinsic career success was associated with extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness.Individuals who were more extroverted, less neurotic or less agreeable experienced higher levels of career satisfaction than their less extroverted, more neurotic, or more agreeable peers. Moderated regression analysis involving extraversion and agreeableness was unable to find any major effects against intrinsic career success, suggesting that these effects are consistent crosswise occupations requiring different levels of interpersonal interaction.Extraversion was related most consistently to career success, exhibiting positive relationships with salary, promotions, and career satisfaction. Extraversion plays in managerial advancement of persons in people-oriented and non-people oriented occupations. Negative relationship of neurotici sm to career satisfaction implies that individuals high on neuroticism evaluate their careers more negatively.Negative relationship of agreeableness with extrinsic career success was provided. Although agreeableness was not related to promotions, it was related negatively to salary for individuals in people-oriented occupations. Agreeableness appears to be a liability in jobs that requiremore people skills, and perhaps more political skills. Agreeableness also was related negatively to career satisfaction. There was no support for the hypotheses that neuroticism and conscientiousness are related to the two measures of extrinsic career success, salary, and promotions.Findings suggested that individuals who were more open received lower salaries. Since these results were not hypothesized, halt of these relationships in future research is required. The results of the control variables examined in this study generally are consistent with preliminary career research. Strengths The resu lts found were accurate.The results found were similar to previous studies.They were able to prove some of their hypostasis.Gives opportunities for future research.Weaknesses cracking with gender and promotions mean and standard deviation. I personally dont agree with some of the definitions. scarcely business and engineering graduates were surveyed.The sample was small.Self-report, people may not be 100% honest.Most alumni were from tweed background.(Seibert Kraimer, 2001)BIBLOGRAPHYScott E. Seibert and Maria L. KraimerDepartment of Management Labour Relations, Cleveland State University.

Long-Term & Short-Term Budgetting Essay Example for Free

semipermanent Short-Term Budgetting EssayIntroductionBudgeting is indeed a key comp acent in managing brief and languish term cookery. To nail down a broad objective such as wealth maximization is all the way not sufficient to achieve the goal. It is very important for an entity to get into more details over how to workplace towards the objective. Businesses typically do this by crafting a long plan and bypass-term plan which I willing be explaining in details.BudgetingBefore I proceed, it is very important for us to understand what is budget and how it works. A budget is a formal written summary (or statement of managements plan for a specified future day clip period, express in financial terms. A budget becomes an important reason for controlling operations and evaluating performance. Thus, it promotes efficiency and serves as a deterrent to waste and inefficiency (Carlon, et al., 2009, p. 882)Types of budgetThere are several types of budget namely trade recei vables budget, sales budget, finished inventories budget, trade payables budget, resultion budget, direct weary budget and many more. The list continues and varies from industry to industry.Budget usefulnessBudgets are generally regarded as having quad area of usefulness. * Budgeting promotes forward thinking and the possible identification of short-term problem. * They can also be utilise to help co-ordinate various sections of the business. * They play an integral role into motivating managers to perform better. * Providing basis for a system control, and lastly* Budgets can come through a system of authorization for managers to spend within the limit. (Merchant, Hawkins, Anthony, 2006, p. 560) The plan processFigure 1 the planning processSource (Banham, 2000, p. N.A)The above shows the relationship between budgets, long-term planning and short-term planning. The budgeting processThe development of the budget for the coming year generally starts several months onwards the end of the current year. The budgeting process usually begins with the collection of data from each of the subunits of the entity. Past performance is often the starting point in budgeting, from which future budget goals are formulated. The budget is developed within a framework of a sales forecast that shows potential sales for the industry and the entities expected share of such sales. Sales forecasting involves a consideration of such factors as I. General economic conditions.II. Industry trendsIII. commercialise research studies developmentIV. Anticipated advertising and promotionV. Previous market shareVI. Changes in pricesVII. recent productsVIII. TechnologyShort-term planningShort-term planning or budgeting is a process that focuses on short term, commonly one year, and results in the production of budgets that set the financial framework for that period. It is likely to be expressed mainly in financial terms and is designed to convert the long-term plan into an actionable shape for the future. The short-term planning is mainly carried show up by Tactical managers and Operational managers.The budget will define precise targets for sales revenues and expenses, cash flows, short-term credit to be given or taken, inventory requirements, force out requirements, increase profits, control costs, and invest for the future.Long-term PlanningExercise aimed at formulating a long-term plan, to touch on future needs estimated usually by extrapolation of present or known needs. It begins with the current status and charts out a path to the projected status, and generally includes short-term ( operational or tactical plans) for achieving interim goals. (Business Dictionary, n.d.)The above is a definition of Long-term planning or Strategic planning is usually carried out by elder management. The long-term plan covers a period of at least three years (some go up to five years) on a quarterly basis, forcing the organization into that discipline of thinking furthe r out than one year. These plans should be updated when the short-range plan is watchful.Long-term strategies defines its overall effort in mental synthesis market share, increase revenues, decreasing costs, issues such as business take overs, expansion plans, deletion of business segments and radical product/service segment. (Budgeting, 2010)The way in which planning process is conducted depends on the industry and culture of the entity. Nevertheless, the entity outlines its long-term goals and specifies its short-range plans in quantifiable terms which detail how it expects to accomplish its goals (Hillstrom, 2013, p. 4)Long term planning Vs. Short-term planningNow that I put the definition and the functions of long term and short term planning forrader you. We will now see the advantages of long term and short term planning. * The main balance is the time period involved. The maximum length of a budget (or short term) is usually one year, and these budgets are prepared often for shorter period of time. In contrast, long-range planning usually encompasses a period of 3-5 years. * A minute of arc significant difference is the emphasis. Budgeting is concerned with the achievement of specific short-term goals. Long-range planning, on the other hand, is a formalized process of selecting strategies to achieve long-term goals and developing policies and plan to implement the strategies. Management is also obligated to respond to opportunities and challenges with strategic response that arise from anticipated trends in the economic and political environment.* Thirdly, there is difference between the details in the planning. Short term planning can be very detailed, this is to provide a basis for control. While long-rang plans contain considerably less details, because the data are intended for a review of progress towards long-term goals kinda than for an evaluation of specific results to be achieved. The main objective of long-range planning is to develop t he best strategy to maximize the entitys performance over an extended future period. * Lastly, many entities today use a continuous 12-month budget by dropping the month however ended and adding a future month. One advantage of continuous short-term budgeting is that it keeps management planning a full year ahead, compared to just one-time planning for long term.ConclusionThe preparation of budget is a of import exercise as it forces management to look ahead and plan long term goal rather than to look back at the past. Once the long term goal has been set, a detailed short term planning can then be created. It is hence vital that budgeting is created as accurately as possible, as an error in data collection could affect the whole of the companys operational and financial activities. The full benefits of budgeting can only be gained when the actual results are compared with the budgeted results then corrective actions are in place. Thus budgeting is a key component in managing shor t and long term planning.ReferencesBanham, R. (2000). correct Budgets. Journal of Accountancy, N.A. Budgeting. (2010). Retrieved from Entrepreneur http//www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82266.html Business Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved from Defination of Long-term Planning http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/long-term-planning.html Carlon, S., Mladenovic-Mcalpine, R., Loftus, J., Palm, C., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E., Weygandt, J. J. (2009). Accounting building business skills. New York John Wiley Sons. Hillstrom, E. K. (2013, Jan 27). Budgets and Budgeting.. Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Small Business.Vol. 1. Gale Cengage http//www.enotes.com/budgeting-reference/ Merchant, K. A.,Hawkins, D., Anthony, R. (2006). Accounting Text Cases. Australia McGraw-Hill Education.