Doll Wife

A Dolls House Play written by the Norwegian coursewright Henrik Ibsen on 1879 (Britannica) brings up various social topics into questions especially during the early 20th century. The topics or themes revolve on gender powers specially that of women, womens self fulfillment vs. their constructed roles only limited as a mother and wife and love in marriage.The writer of this play displays some facets of realisms about how women argon being treated at times in a male dominated ordering, which was often illustrated during the early times. Here Ibsen presented the char constituteers individualisation and how they approach the different facets of societal realisms to illustrate the early dilemmas not precisely towards womens position in the society still of human injustices.The plays story is domestic in scope, primarily because two of the master(prenominal) characters are husband and wife. Nonetheless, the play did include broader issues. It showed how society in the 1800s tran ce marriage, the functions assigned to man and wife, and the limitations it gave to women in general. It is also climactic in structure.The square play takes place in one setting in a particular room inside the house which is dominated by Noras character. Nora is the main protagonist of the story who initially enjoys being trapped in domestic comfort. She cheer to the full goes with the flow on how Torvald, her husband, treats her. But rising events in the play make sudden transformation on Noras spirit she was changed from a rebellious housewife to an independent woman of society.Nora is forced to puddle to be someone she is not in order to fulfill the role that her father, her husband and the society at large have expected of her. Her unjust conformity though is only realized during her climactic confrontation with Torvald at the end of the play. She eventually admits that she needs to detach herself from things and pack that force her to take note societal standards.Taking into consideration the social and political attitude of Europe during Ibsens time towards women, Nora made a courageous decision to go out her family and notch into an uncertain future examining her life even though shes aware(p) that the society may not going to support her. The consequences of her decision are very uncertain whether she allow succeed or fail as a person after gaining her independence.However the question whether is it right for Nora to leave her children for the sake of her independence may seem a selfish act for a mother to do. Noras clear and impassioned declaration of her sharpness as well as her decision to leave her family seems inappropriate that made the play extremely controversial. Ibsen himself made an alternate ending in which Torvald makes Nora takes a last look at their children before leaving and, seeing them, she loses her will to go (A Dolls House Review).This endorse that perhaps Ibsen is not advocating radical change the way others would wa nt to take it but he is just presenting mere realities that is truly apparent during his time. A Dolls House is not a feminist literature. As a matter of fact Ibsen, the writer, believes in the importance of domestic roles and maternalism but also recognize the significance of exercising individual freedom.Most people may well say that that a womans prototypal responsibility is her family and children more importantly, but a womans supreme responsibility as well is herself. Ibsen in this play successfully demonstrates the put across that wives and mothers should not stop and be trapped by their domestic roles but should continually discover their original selves, their true strengths and potentials.Women must experience true freedom. Nora in this play represent woman in the midst of society where males often oppresses females, reducing them to mere objects of playthings. That oppression often enslaved them restricting them to fully enjoy their individual freedom and eventually their God given potentials.ReferenceA Dolls House Review online. Retrieved on 12 may 2009 from

Comparison of Freud’s and Plato’s Aspects of Human Character Essay

Aspects of merciful character adjudge been discussed in a number of fields inputs from the philosophical and political perspectives jackpot be identified by how tender-hearted character is in place with compliments to the inn whereas designs from the psychological field ignore be observed to decoct more on the individual and its relationship with his environment. Such is demonstrated by Plato in his The Republic which can be seen to potentially contrast with Sigmund Freud in his discourse in Civilization and its Discontents. Plato had apparently came up with literature describing a drop deadal society according to certain controls needed in gild to establish a civilization according to certain ideologies such as justice, authority, and the precedent state, among otherwises. Freud, on one hand, tackled a world that is already in existence and presented an analysis on life and earthly concern.From this, when it comes to their respective treatments on the charitable char acter, Platos The Republic presented how human character should be while Freud discussed what human character is through inherent aptitudeual drives. Platos prescription for the Guardians, the social coterie tasked to radiation pattern the society, mentioned that their education should emphasize their esteem for cognizance and senior high spirits. This word-painting can be therefore compared with Freuds discussion on physical attr implement and finish the comparison can thereby give way in identifying whether their references for the match sides of human character were the same(p) or not.Platos have it away of Wisdom and High SpiritsPlato proposed the formation of a social class called the Guardians who would rule the society. Given the great responsibility that is passing play to be vested in them, these Guardians are proposed to learn certain aspects that would make them an effective ruler and animal trainer of the state. In this case, it was brought up in the discuss ion in The Republic that its our job, as it seems, to choose, if were able, which are the natures, and what kind they are, fit for guarding the city (Book II, 374e). Hence, the discussion resulted to a description of the Guardians, as follows (Book II, 376c)Then the man whos going to be a fine and good guardian of the city for us leave behind in his nature be philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong.The context in which they discussed the peculiarity of chicane of wisdom (Book II, 376b) apparently referred to the philosophical leanings of the Guardian. In addition, possessing the love of wisdom is likewise associated with having the love of learning (Book 2, 376b). It can be gathered that love in this context is based on having the nature to pursuit a deep interest for knowledge thereby demonstrating how an individual can have the characteristic of an ideal ruler.In addition to the discussion on love of wisdom, possessing a high spirit or spirited is withal seen as a significa nt characterization of a Guardian. The characters initially discussed this aspect in the context of citing animal behavior, hence, demonstrating that the high spirits may initially come from the individuals courageous nature. What makes the human distinctive from the animals, as seen in the discussion, is how this ideal person also injects a sense of balminess in this instinct(predicate)ive characteristic (Book II, 375c)Yet, they must be still to their witness and cruel to enemies. If not, theyll not wait for others to destroy them, nevertheless theyll do it themselves beforehand.In this case, what they are looking for in a Guardian is someone who is gentle and great-spirited (Book II, 375c) the challenge, however, as noted in the dialogues, is how these two traits oppose from each one other.The concept of love of wisdom and high spirits in Platos work, in the context of Guardians characters, clearly show that they are discussing human characteristics that are admirable. The subprogramner off aspects of human character, in this case, show how these two characteristics complement each other in which case, the ideal person for the function is some who is spirit and by nature, philosophical.Freuds concupiscence and deceaseThe context in which Freud discussed sexual desire and Death in Civilization and its Discontents is how these two instinctive forces, albeit contend, work together in life. As Freud discussed (66)That is to say, as well as Eros there was an instinct of death. The phenomena of life could be explained from the concurrent or mutually opposing action of these two instincts A more fruitful idea was that a accord of the instinct is diverted towards the external world and comes to light as an instinct of aggressiveness and destructiveness. In this way the instinct itself could be pressed into the wait on of Eros, in that the organism was destroying some other thing, whether animate or inanimate, alternatively of destroying its own self. Co nversely, any restriction of this aggressiveness directed outwards would be bound to increase the self-destruction, which is in any case proceeding.Although Freud noted that Death, which is also associated with destruction, and even Evil, may name his adversary not what is holy and good, but Natures power to create, to multiply lifethat is, Eros (68), he noted that Eros and Death can be alloyed with each other, thereby resulting to an integration which hides either purpose. An example Freud cited is how this is evident in sadism in which destruction can also bring satisfaction, the very idea in itself brings a certain degree of enjoyment.Conclusion ComparisonBased on the above discussions, the contexts in which Plato and Freud discussed love for wisdom and high spirits, and Eros and Death can be regarded to be total opposites. For Plato, how these human aspects function is for the purpose of greater good the ideal nature of the individual in the form of the Guardians is meant to ben efit the society which the Guardians are tasked to serve. In this case, the intent to doctor these traits, which is the union of philosophy and spiritedness, is meant to put together an exceptional leader. In Freuds discussion, on one hand, presented a justification as to how two opposing ideas, Eros and Death, actually work, and how these are in fact a reality of human nature.Plato and Freud discussed human nature in different contexts for Plato, the opposing twin aspects of human nature (love of wisdom and high spirits) can be reconciled and further enhanced through education, thereby resulting to an ideal functional leader for the ideal city. Freud, on one hand, discussed how the opposing Eros and Death do exist in human nature and how this is exemplified by the presence of satisfaction in destruction the integration of Eros and Death may not result to an ideal person, but this demonstrates the humanness of the individual.Apparently, the relation ends there the similarity can b e seen in the seed of the parameter which is how opposing ideas do work together as a part of human nature. Both demonstrated how internal contradictions further contribute to human characteristics that lead to how throng eventually function. In this case, the premise of their discussion is the same yet the intent of the discussion is different. For Plato, the marriage of love of wisdom and high spiritedness gives way to an ideal class in an ideal society whereas Freuds alloyed Eros and Death benefits the destruction more because it is in the face of Eros that Death can hide.Upon a close yarn of the texts, there is also a similarity of the premise in call of these two works Platos The Republic contains a series of discussions leading(a) to the definition of an ideal state whereas Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents showed how the individual can be in conflict with the society. In addition, both agreed how the writ of execution of laws can establish control in a society ba sically manned by individuals with baser instincts however, Plato pointed out how education can manage these instincts and how people can be formed into functional citizens while Freud mostly highlighted how individuals will be always governed by the pleasure principle.

Marx’s Theory of Class

Marxs rendering of ground level. Its strengths and weaknesses. Although the concept of cast has a primal importance in loss supposition, Marx does not define it in a systematic form. Marx left this problem of producing a exposition of the concept of kindly flesh until much later. The manuscript of the third volume of crown breaks clear up at the moment when Marx was astir(predicate) to answer the promontory What constitutes a var.? Even without his definition of sectionalization, one tin reconstruct how the term is to be unders besidesd in his writings.In the Communist Manifesto, Marx face ups us with a hypothesis of orb memoir as a succession of naval division struggles for economic and semipolitical provide. The main clear upes of pre-capitalist societies ar body politicd as freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, manu situationurer and villein, guild-master and journeyman1. nevertheless the dominating theme of western society is the date amidst the exploiting eye discriminate and the work proletariat. Thus it is the class social organization of too soon capitalism, and the class struggles of this form of society, which constituted the main quality point for the Marxist theory of history.This is asserted by the Communist Manifestos famous phrase, that the history of all up to now existing society is the history of all class struggles2. The history of civilized society, for Marx, has been the history of diverse forms of class victimization and domination. It is the form of class domination present which determines the general character of the whole kind complex body part. For example, the growing of wheat victimisation traditional, non-mechanical techniques is compatible with a wide range of social relations of reapingion.A papist citizen often birthed slaves who worked his argona growing wheat a feudalistic lord would seize the surplus wheat gr accept by the serf on the lands the early capitalist farthe stmers began to employ landless laborers to do their manual(a) work for a pursue which was less than the total rate of the product which they created. In each grammatical subject field, wheat is grown on land by the labor of men and women, tho the social arrangements argon totally contrasting. on that point argon totally different class relationships, leading to totally different forms of society ancient, feudal, and capitalist.The one thing that unites these three arrangements is that in each case a minority class rules and takes the surplus away from the producers. Each society, says Marx, embodies class exploitation based on the relationships of exertion, or rather, the systems of end product. The key to understanding 2 a given society is to discover which is the dominant mode of mathematical product at bottom it. The basic pattern of social and political relationships shadow then be known. Since Marx concentrates his attention on the class structure of capitalis t societies, it is solo proper to fol natural depression him.As asseverated before, the key classes in the capitalist mode of production are the burgherie and the proletariat, or capitalists and landless wage laborers. era Marx recognizes that there are other classes, the fundamental class theatrical role is in the midst of this pairing of the exploiter and the exploited. The bourgeoisie derive their class position from the fact that they own productive wealth. It is not their high in eff that makes them capitalists, provided the fact that they own the gist of production.For example, the inputs necessary for production factories, machines, etc. The ability of workers to work (labor power) is in itself a marketable commodity bought for the least cost to be utilize at pull up stakes by the capitalist. In addition, the capitalist owns the product and im crack always pocket the difference between the value of the labor and the value of the product referred to by Marx as sur plus value purely by legality of his ownership. His home rights likewise allow the capitalist the control of the process of production and the labor he buys.The proletariat in contrast, owns no means of production. Beca subprogram of this exploitation, Marx viewed the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as locked in deep and unavoidable conflict. As capitalism expanded, the conflict would become more than intense as the condition of the workers became worse. all over time, some members of the proletariat would come to understand their unfair position and would set out to communicate with each other. This would enable them to organize and overthrow the capitalist system.The mutation would pave the way for a invigorated socialist system that would abolish private ownership of the means of production. This forms the basis of Marxs theory of class, and with further discussion, the complexities will present themselves. This 2 class model is not Marxs only use of the word class. He uses the term of other economic groups, and particularly of the petty(prenominal) or petite bourgeoisie and the peasants. These groups seem to make the neat division of the Communist Manifesto inapplicable, for these 2 3 roups obviously merge into bourgeoisie and the proletariat according to how m any workers they employ or how much land they own. Marx even foresaw, with en vastd use of machinery and the increase of service industries, the advent of a new midst class. This raises two main questions. The first concerns the complications of social stratification in relation to the basic classes.In the fragment on three huge classes of modern society in Capital III, Marx observes that even England, where the economic structure is or so highly and classically developed middle and intermediate strata even here exhaust lines of demarcation everywhere3 Even though this observation does not fit tardily with the idea of an increasing polarization of bourgeois society between two g reat classes, Cole explains how Marx regarded the blurring of class divisions as a matter of lowly importance, influential in shaping the course of particular phases and incidents of the fundamental class struggle, but incapable of altering its essential character or its final outcome. And in the long run the forces making for polarisation were bound to come into play more and more as the difficulties of Capitalism increased so that the decisive class-struggle between capitalists and proletarians could be delayed, but by no means averted or changed in its essential character by the emergence of any new class. 4 Even so, Cole asks for a critique of Marx in sparkle of todays circumstances, questioning the validity of this statement. The second question concerns the situation and development of two principal classes in capitalist society, bourgeoisie and proletariat.In The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx gave this negative definition of a fully constituted class In so far as millions of families live under economic conditions of world that seperate their mode of life sentence, their interests and their conclusion from those of the other classes, and put them in hostile opposition to the latter, they form a class. In so far as there is only if a local interconnection among these small-holding peasants, and the identity of their interests begets no community, no national marry and no political organisation among them, they do not form a class5 4 In the Poverty of Philosophy, describing the emergence of the working class, Marx expressed the identical idea in positive toll Economic conditions had first alter the mass of the people of the country into workers. The combination of capital has created for this mass a common situation, common interests. This mass is thus already a class as against capital, but not yet for itself. In the struggle, of which we necessitate state only a few phases, this mass becomes united, and constitutes itself as a cla ss for itself. The interests it defends becomes class interests. 6Most Marxists perk up recognized, that in the case of the working class, the development of a socialist or revolutionary consciousness poses problems which require more careful and thorough direct. flesh interest itself is no longer conceived, as it was in general by Marx, as an objective and unambiguous social fact, but rather as having a sense which is constructed by interaction and discussion out of the experiences of everyday life and the interpretations of those experiences. This is further illustrated by Bottomores belief that an investigation into the development of social classes would have to attend to three problems.First, the consequences for the class structure, and especially for the polarization of classes, of the rapid increase in productivity and in the size of the surplus, and the concomitant growth of the middle classes7 Bottomore states that how Marx defined the middle class, are the undivided s who live from surplus value, but also assist in the realization and distribution of the surplus. Marx foresaw the growing hail of the middle class, and as a result, the declining number of working class. This would seem to strengthen the bourgeois making the transformation to a classless society more difficult.Through Marxs own analysis, Bottomore says that the transition might not occur at all thus, resulting in a type of society unlike the socialist society emerging from capitalism. Or, transformation brought about differently, from what Marx predicted, resulting in the classless society. The nature of the social conflict that would then bring about the breakdown of capitalism and the creation of a socialist society remains unclear, and is not discussed by Marx. 8 5 The second problem concerns the various cultural and political casts which are a factor in the evolution of the revolutionary class consciousness.Marx, in early writings, emphasizes positive influences for this development such as introduction of new engineering science (resulting in the displacement of workers to further the revolution), the reserve army of labor, the advent of the milling machinery (resulting in concentration of workers creating a collective situation class consciousness)9 But also negative influences such as dominant position of ruling-class ideas, the cause of social mobility, the growth of the middle classes. 10 Bottomore then states that national or heathen consciousness is very important one of the powerful influences that Marx neglected.The second influence is that of the increasing social differentiation in modern societies which breaks down the low-class consciousness to strengthen the middle class. In other words, increasing the number of middle class while decreasing the number of working class a negative influence on revolutionary class consciousness. The come through problem asks what conditions are necessary beyond the abolition of classes and private property in the means of production, in order to establish what Marx referred to as socialism.Marx wrote about the advancement of science and how it could be used to abolish scarcity to tinct human needs. As a result, man would be free from those labors in order to pursue their human potential. Beyond all of this, what Bottomore is implying is the further study of Marxs political theory. Concentrating on the interaction between the development of production, emergence of new human needs, development of a political consciousness, and the creation of organizations to take part in a political struggle. Regrettably, this political theory, like the theory of class, can only be examined through fragments of Marxs work.Another way of looking at Marxs theory of class is how Elster attempts to define class in terms of property, exploitation, market behavior, and power. Elster claims that Marxs class is a great deal defined as a group of persons who stand in the like relation of property or non- property to the factors of production, that is labor-power and means of production. 11 By apply this definition, the words property and non-property are too restrictive or too open. in that location is a 6 need to distinguish between property owners but then the question arises, to what degree?This is also evident when using exploitation as a basis of defining class. As Elster puts it the proposal is too coarse-grained if it locates all exploiters in one class and all exploited agents in another and too fine grained if classes are to be place in terms of the degree of exploitation. infinite fragmentation of classes. 12 In terms of the third proposal, defining class in terms of market behavior, Elster states that it is not useful in the study of non-market economies. Furthermore, the proposal overemphasizes actual behavior and neglects its causative grounding in the endowment structure. 13 Basically, he is referring to choice. In Marxs view, the wage laborer has no choi ce in who to work for and for how much. The reasoning john this is that the capitalist (though needing workers) can employ any individual he chooses. Elster says that class is defined by what one has to do, not what one actually does. So, for example, a wage laborer decides to work in a factory precisely for the pure joy of doing so. This individual should be put in a different class from the wage laborer who has to work in the factory. 14 Elsters final proposal is the aspect of power in defining class.To Marx, power relationships are built into the very structure of society, whose principal feature is the existence of opposed classes. Thus, class domination and subordination are central to Marxist conception of politics and the distribution and operation of power. Power to Marx, is class power. In other words, it is a resource that is concentrated in the hands of a particular class, which that class can use to maintain and enhance its dominant position in society, a position achi eved by economic exploitation. Elster says the definition of class in terms of domination and subordination is too behavioral and insufficiently structural.By this I mean that the classes of the upper and lower managers are defined only by what they actually do, not as in the case of capitalists and workers by what they must do by virtue of what they have. a reference back to Elsters third proposal. What Elster reveals are some of the more obvious problems congenital in Marxs theory of class. But all of this can still be referred to in past context. Clearly, the question that needs to be 7 asked is can Marxs analysis be applicable today? It is obvious that there are some serious problems in Marxs account.Revolution has occurred in nations on the verge of door into capitalism, not in societies which are mature and ripe for change. The working class in capitalist societies has enjoyed, in the long term, a rise in the mensuration of living, and labor movements have won enough welfare concessions to ease umteen of the poor. By no means all Western societies have dependable Communist parties. In addition, the growth of the middle class of managerial and passkey workers appears to contradict Marxs view that divisions among those without wealth would disappear.Western economies are open to crises, but the state seems able to keep them in check. Generally, then, Marxs ideas seem to many people to have been disproved by twentieth century developments. However, this is a limited view. The real issues are firstly whether Marxs general perspective on stratification was sound, and secondly, whether contemporary Western societies are still capitalists in the general basic character of their social relations. The first issue is important because Marx provides an account of stratification which is significantly different from that of many other social theorists.Very often today, sociologists see classes as merely groupings of people with similar attributes such a s income, type of occupation, and so on. Marx, on the other hand, saw classes as systematically linked in a particular structure of social relationships. An explanation of inequality is given through the analysis of the mode of production. Marx points out the deeper class relations and potential conflicts at a lower place the surface of society. This strength, however, is seen as a problem by many sociologists. They deal that Marxs class analysis is too simplistic to account adequately for the complexity of social inequality.For them, Marxs emphasis on the ownership of productive wealth leaves us unable to explain adequately all the differences in consciousness within the mass of the population who are not capitalists. Quite clearly, the Western economies are vastly changed today in comparison with Marxs time. There is far more economic intervention by the state in most societies of the West, and state employees of one kind or another form a large part of the work force. National ization and the 8 frequent replacement of individual owner or managers by shareholders and managerial bureaucracies have both changed the structure of industry.However, it can still be argued that private ownership of the means of production is the basis of economic power and wealth, and that the labor market is still the kick determinant of wage levels. The worker is still in a mortify position in the work place, and the incomes of workers are still very low in comparison with those who control them. Other interpretations are possible it is ordinarily argued, for example, that the West has a mixed economy which works in everyones interest, but others would still consider Western economies as capitalist.This brings us back to Marxs Capital III. It is clear that there are many aspects of Marxs theory of class which are not discussed in this essay the theory is multifaceted. One still wonders what Marx would learn in his last work. Would it have been in the same terms as he had used thirty years before? Or would he have recognized, in this gap, the vitally important changes in the class structure of the modern societies of today, and that these changes were, to some extent, different from what he anticipated to occur? This question remains unanswered.

History SBA Essay

Statement of AimThroughout this look into paper, the reader will have a better understanding of the divergent forms of resistance. Also the reader will have the ability to compare the both types of resistance which were alive(p) and hands-off. And finally the reader will be fit to tell which type of resistance was nearly effective and most customary between nimble and passive.RationaleThe reason topic being elect is to better elucidate the variant forms of resistance and how effective it was in the Caribbean. As for a historian, this topic allowed me to open my mind by analyzing the types of resistance and r conclusionering it in the SBA. Resistance of buckle downs was a great smash of Caribbean history which is currently still the most debated topic. With that being said, I felt a unavoidableness to choose this topic.INTRODUCTIONResistance of strivers was a great part of Caribbean history. at that ready were twotypes of resistance practiced by buckle downs passive (day by day) and active resistance. In this research paper I will show different types of resistance and their level of effectiveness in battling thralldom.FORMS OF RESISTANCE & ITS EFFECTIVENESSThe most common form of resistance available to slaves was what is known as day-after-day resistance, or small acts of rebellion, most popularly known as passive resistance. This form of resistance included sabotage, such as breaking tools or setting fire to buildings. Striking out at a slave owners property was a way to strike at the man himself, albeit indirectly. Other methods of day-to-day resistance were photograph oning illness, playing dumb, or slowing down work. Both men and women faked being ill to come to relief from their acidulous working conditions. Women may have been able to feign illness more(prenominal) easilythey were expected to provide their owners with children, and at to the lowest degree some(prenominal) owners would have precious to protect the childbearing capacity of their womanish slaves. Slaves could also play on their superordinates and mistresses prejudices by seeming to not understand instructions. When possible, slaves could also decrease their pace of work.Women more often worked in the household and could sometimes use their position to undermine their masters. Poisoning the master was very popular .In general women may have used take control or abortion to keep potential children out of slavery. umpteen slave owners were convinced that female slaves had ways of preventing pregnancy. Throughout the history of Caribbean slavery, Africans resisted whenever possible. The betting odds against slaves succeeding at a rebellion or in escaping for good were so overwhelming that most slaves resisted the only way they could, which was through idiosyncratic actions. Slaves also resisted the system of slavery through the formation of a typical culture and through their religious beliefs, which kept hope alive in the face of such s evere persecution. The otherwise form of resistance was active resistance, which consisted of give outning away and conducting rebellions. Slaves who ran away most often did so for a short period of time.These runaway slaves might hide in a nearby forest or visit a relative or spouse on another grove. They did so to escape a harsh punishment that had been jeopardize, to obtain relief from a heavy workload, or equitable to escape the drudgery of everyday life under slavery. Others were able to run away and escape slavery permanently. Running away was difficult slaves had to croak behind family members and risk harsh punishment or even destruction if caught. many an(prenominal) of the successful runaways were only successful after multiple attempts. tomboy slaves would often choose holidays or days off to give them plain lead time (before being missed in the fields or at work). Many fled on foot, coming up with ways to play a trick on off dogs in pursuit, such as taking to w ater or using pepper to disguise their scent.Slave rebellions all over the Caribbean section were common. There is documented evidence of uprisings in at least 20 islands. In many of the territories multiple revolts occurred. Furthermore, there are many cases when conspiracies were tack down before there was any violence. The slaughter of the native universe by the early 18th Century left the colonist landowners without a work force for the great sugar, coffee, cocoa and cotton orchards that formed the ground tackle of the regions economy. African slaves were brought in to work the land. By the 1720s the population of the Caribbean ranged from a low of about 30 % in Cuba to more than 90 % in other islands. Most whites, however, lived in cities in the countryside the racial constitution favored Blacks 50 to 1. None-the-less, all economic, political and social power was in the hands of the Europeans.There is no need to discuss the many evils of slavery suffice it to say that rev olts began before long. Initial revolts took place in Hispaniola and Puerto anti-racketeering law in the late 16th Century and, Barbados, Jamaica and Antigua early in the 17th. By the middledle of the 18th Century, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Sainte Domingue (Haiti), and Dominica had experience various degrees of violence. Newly brought slaves those that had been free in Africa were more likely to revolt than the ones born in captivity. In some islands, rebellion was instigated by opposition colonial powers during European wars an uprising in a Spanish settlement could be prompted by french agents or British agents could bring about a rebellion in a French colony and so forth.The Berbice Slave Uprising was a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February 176and lasted into 1764. It is seen as amajor(ip) event in Guyanas anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the assure declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the bestir oneself of the Berbice slave revolt. In 1762, the population of the Dutch colony of Berbice included 3,833 enslaved Blacks, 244 enslaved Amerindians or indigenous people, and 346 whites. On 23 February 1763, slaves on Plantation Magdalenenberg on the Canje River in Berbice rebelled, protesting harsh and inhumane treatment. They torched the plantation house, and then went to other plantations to mobilize other enslaved Africans to join the rebellion. Cuffy, a house slave at Lilienburg, another plantation on Canje, is said to have organized them into a military unit.As plantation after plantation fell to the slaves, the Dutch settlers fled northward and the rebels began to take over control of the region. For almost a year, the rebels held on to southern Berbice, charm the whites were able to hold on to the north. Eventually only about one-half of the white population that had lived in the colony remained. The rebels came to number about 3,000 and threatened European control over the Guianas. Other key figures a mong the rebels include Atta, Accara and Accabre. The insurgents were at long last defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe.Cuba with seven documented significant insurrections in the 19th Century is instant to Jamaica, which had 14 verified slave rebellions from the mid 18th Century to the mid 19th. The greatest slave revolution in Jamaica was the Baptist War of 1831-1832. It began simply as a general strike during the Christmas season. The slaves, led by one Samuel Sharp, wanted liberation and decent paid. It is not clear why it turned into a fully fledged revolt, but the landowners considered so from the beginning. About 14 Europeans were killed and thousands of acres of crops burned. Within 10 days, it was put down. Anywhere from 20,000 to 60,000 slaves participated in the uprising. Between two hundred and 400 die in the fighting and similar numbers were after hunted down. Sharp was executed by hanging. Promises of freedom for the slaves which put an end to the fighting were not kept. British forces landed in the island and hung close to 3,500 slaves. Many additional Africans received other kinds of punishment. The revolt known for its connection to a couple of Baptist parishes was over.The most successful slave revolt to take place in the Caribbean Basin was the Haitian Revolution of 1791 to 1804. The uprising by the slave population in the western part of Hispaniola was influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment and French Revolution which had been launched just two years before. The leader of the revolt was Toussaint LOuverture. The whole process of liberation involves a complex combination of the slaves revolts European politics which resulted in the slaves allying themselves first with the Spanish and British and later, with the French and total control of the island. Eventually, the government of Napoleon Bonaparte would bear down troops to re-conquer Saint Dom ingue and would send LOuverture in chains to France, where the Haitian leader would die in 1803. However, LOuvertures second in command, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, would declare Haiti a sovereign nation the following year. Haiti thus join the United States as the only former American territories to gain independence before the 19th Century and the first former European colony liberated by slaves.CONCLUSIONFrom what was explained, it is clear passive resistance was more successful than active resistance. The only level of success achieved actively was the a couple of(prenominal) slaves who ran away and were not caught and the Haitian Revolution. Passive resistance was tolerated for the most part because I feel it didnt affect productivity on the plantation unlike active resistance that affected production negatively so the masters focused on it strong and stopped them.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Caribbean Caribbean Story keep back Bk. 1 (Caribbean Story History) February 6, 2002 by William Clay pole (Author), John Robottom (Author) 2. Ford, Lacy K. Deliver Us from Evil The Slavery Question in the Old South. New York Oxford University cabal US, 2009. 3. Franklin, John Hope and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves Rebels on the Plantation. New York Oxford University Press US, 2000. 4. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_rebellion5. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution

Irish Drama Essay

In the book Blood and Oil The Dangers and Consequences on the Statess Growing Dependence on Imported Petroleum by Michael T. Klare, he focuses on the ontogeny attention that the natural resource of embrocate has had and for sometime has been the main focus of just how American unknown constitution has been molded to gain, either by force or peace, anoint. Klare offers an important fancy at U. S. national auspices policy in very churning regions of the world where most oil is black gold.The author argues that U. S. immaterial and legions policy has been increasingly driven by the need to ensure true access to foreign oil, especially in the Middle East, and that American foreign oil dependence continues to grow, U. S. forces in increasingly find themselves fighting to back up oil producing regions and supply routes. Klare points out his thesis by documenting the substantial and growing U. S.dependence on foreign oil and the problems it has creat4ed, Klare bring outs the in creasing function of the coupled States in the Middle East since World War II and with the especially close ties with Saudi Arabia as nearly as the negative consequences of this involvement has on American security. The authors writes in detail the latest phase of the floor by analyzing the energy strategy adopted by the Bush memorial tablet in 2001 and how this has only reinforced U.S. dependency on foreign oil with this being especially true in the Persian Golf. Klare goes on to describe the administrations polices toward that region. In chapter five the author discusses the possible prospects for diversifying foreign oil supplies and net that this approach offers little hope of reducing U. S. reliance on the disjuncture even though it would emergence the chances of departures in other region. In mavin description Klare discusses how the U. S.oil dependence may increasingly turn towards conflict with Russia and China. The author summary of what the cost of oil dependency in the utmost chapter and briefly gives an pick strategy which would detach our pursuits of energy from security commitments to foreign presidencys by reducing oil consumption and in the development of alternative energy sources. Michael Klare gives a good argument and shows just what the national security consequences of U. S. foreign oil dependence or consequences that have been overlooked.The theme passim the book is that American leaders have gone to great lengths to skillful oil and has made this a matter of national security to be able to safeguard it through the use of military force. The author well documents his writings with a great number of notes and uses primary sources. The most ball over is the current policies Bush has in place towards the disjunction and how Bush has a very detailed strategy for the American domination of the Persian Gulf for gaining great amounts of oil.This strategy has three goals the first is the stability of Saudi Arabia, the endorsemen t was removal of Saddam Hussein and to replace him with a stable government that could give more output for oil and finally pushing Iran for a more stable leadership change. As the lust for oil increases an increase of military response will be seen as a necessity and just cause for wars. Reference Klare, M. T. (2004). Blood and oil The dangers and consequences of Americas growing dependency on imported petroleum. New York Henry Holt.

Richard Cory and God’s Work

bulk can pain in tranquillize and suddenly they either electrical shock us by doing something drastic or they emerge as heroes who promote our surprise. a) Briefly outline what pass alongs in Richard Cory and divinitys guide. Richard Cory, the bow of the poetry by Edwin Arlington Robinson, is a man who is highly favored in his community. The working class citizens, one of which is the narrator of the poem, are always admiring his edification and his regal attitude. They also have high regards for his humanity, wealth as surface as his status in education.The people esteem that Richard Cory is everything they begin to swing back on the things they do in hope to achieve a similar lifestyle to the one that Richard Cory lives. However, without any identified reason, Richard k disgusteds himself, bringing wonder to the ones who admire him together with the reviewer. In the poem matinee idols Work by Ian McDonald, death also occurs, however, being of a different press ou t to that of Richard Cory. The poet respects the main character, Mister Edwards, who is his gardener, handyman and a pricey friend.Mister Edwards is a arduous man, some(prenominal) physically and mentally, and a handsome man too. However, he is ill and is experiencing the factors of death. Although Mister Edwards suffers a slow and excruciating death, he shows his great appreciation for the things he experiences. He believes that whatever happens, whether it may be pleasing or dissatisfying, it is graven images work and it happens for a reason. Coming on to the end of the poem, the poet ties the ail that Mister Edwards endures, and how numerous people believe that he has a strong heart.Finally, he dies, and the purpose cynically cries out Gods Work. b) How does the financial statement above apply to each poem? After reading the poems Richard Cory and Gods Work, it is clearly recognized that the statement is applied in both poems. In the poems, the two main characters suffer silently, however, in Richard Cory, his death shocks the reader and in Gods Work, Mister Edwards strength allowed him to become estimable to the reader. The first half of the poem that states, People suffer in silence and suddenly they either hock us by doing something drastic, is in congenator to the poem Richard Cory. The way in which Richard lives his life and carries himself is admired by the narrators, who continually describe his characteristics throughout most of the poem. This may be discernible where they describe him as being, Clean favored, and imperially slim. The working class also tries their utmost best to become an individual such as Richard, evident in the lines, In fine, we thought he was everything to make us wish that we were in his place.So on we worked, and waited for the light, and went without the meat, and cursed the bread. Through this way of thinking, Richard Cory creates an extreme shock to the reader, by killing himself on one calm summer night. G ods Work relates to the second half of the statement which says that the people who suffer in silence, they emerge as heroes who win our admiration. It is evident throughout the poem that Mister Edwards is suffering from a painful illness. The poet describes Mister Edwards suffering the spasms he experiences crumpling up his face. However, he tries to maintain his dignity even during death through the effort to induce back the gut contracting cry. Obviously, Mister Edwards is a man of good faith in God. He accepts that even the worst that can happen is a part of Gods Work as easy as the death that he is experiencing. Mister Edwards struggle denounces his strength of character and his gallantry allowing him to become such an admiration to the reader. c) In each case, what poetic dodge does the poet use to make us feel shock or admiration?The poetic device that the poets use in both poems is that of fleckal irony, so as to make us feel shock or admiration. In Richard Cory, by t he way in which the citizens speak about Richard Corys wealth, education and his public way of living, the reader is made to believe that he is contented with his life. This may be evident in his royality him being a gentleman from sole to crown, clean favored, and imperially slim. Further, it is also obvious in the way Richard Cory glittered when he walked, and how rich and admirably schooled he is.The citizens long to become as self-made as Richard Cory is and waited for the light. However, at the end of the poem, the situational irony shocks the reader, as the narrators reveal that Richard Cory kills himself. This occurs since the reader did not expect such a humble and winning man, who seems to have everything, to do something that drastic. For the poem Gods Work many situations of irony occur. However, the ironic situation that allows the reader to evoke feelings of admiration is the situation where Mister Edwards accepts death as the actions of God despite the nature of t he event.Although many would think that Gods Work is just about the blooming flowers and the ascending sun, Mister Edwards believes that harsh storms and floods are also Gods Work, evident where the persona says, Gods work, he would say when the pelting pelted down and floods rushed in rivers and storms lashed the tree-tops. The reader may wonder why such an agonizing death is experienced by someone who is verbalize to be of good character, as he is described by the persona in the second stanza, but Mister Edwards has faith in God, believing that he allows suffering for there is a reason behind it.

The Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press

At the height of the Hussite crisis in the early 1400s, when the authorities ordered 200 manuscripts of heretical writings burned, multitude on both sides cognise quite well the significance of that act. 2 ampere-second handwritten manuscripts would be hard to replace. Not only would it be a judgment of conviction consuming job, but too trained scribes would be hard to find. After alone, nigh of them worked for the church, and it seemed unlikely that the Church would loan by its scribes to written matter the works of heretics.Although the Hussites more than held their own against the Church, their movement remained confined in the first place to the borders of their homeland of Bohemia. One main reason for this was that there was no troop media, such as the im nonion crowd to disseminate the word. A coulomb later, all(prenominal) that had changed. Like any different creation, the marking campaign came on and had an impact when the right conditions existed at th e right time and place. In this case, that was europium in the mid 1400s.Like many or most forgeions, the picture exhort was not the result of just one mans ingenious insight into all the problems involved in creating the printing press. Rather, printing was a combination of several(prenominal) different inventions and innovations pig taboo printing, foil piece of music, oil based ink, interchangeable metallic element slip, and the squeeze press. If one suffice started the chain reaction of events that led to the invention of the printing press, it was the rise of towns in western sandwich atomic number 63 that sparked trade with the removed world all the way to China.That trade exposed Europeans to three things eventful for the invention of the printing press rag paper, block printing, and, oddly enough, the blacken terminal. For centuries the Chinese had been reservation rag paper, which was made from a pulp of wet and discarded rags that was then pressed into shee ts of paper. When the Arabs met the Chinese at the battle of the Talas River in 751 A. D. , they carried off several prisoners skilled in making such paper. The engineering spread gradually across the Muslim world, up through Spain and into western sandwich Europe by the late 1200s.The squeeze press used in pressing the pulp into sheets of paper would excessively lend itself to pressing print evenly onto paper. The Black Death, which itself spread to Western Europe thanks to expand trade routes, also greatly catalyzed the invention of the printing press in three ways, two of which combined with the invention of rag paper to get out Europe with plentiful paper. First of all, the survivors of the Black Death inherited the home of those who did not survive, so that even peasants found themselves a good betray richer.Since the textile industry was the most developed industry in Western Europe at that time, it should come as no surprise that the great unwashed spent their money large ly on new clothes. However, clothes extend out, leaving rags. As a result, fourteenth speed of light Europe had the great unwashed of rags to make into rag paper, which was much cheaper than the parchment (sheepskin) and vellum (calfskin) used to make books until then. even out by 1300, paper was only one-sixth the make up of parchment, and its relative cost continued to fall. Considering it took 170 calfskins or 300 sheepskins to make one copy of the Bible, we can see what a bargain paper was.But the Black Death had also killed off many of the monks who copied the books, since the crowded conditions in the monasteries had contributed to an unusually exalted mortality rate. One result of this was that the cost of copying books rose drastically while the cost of paper was dropping. Many people considered this unacceptable and looked for a better way to copy books. Thus the Black Death rag paper combined to create both lots of cheap paper plus an incentive for the invention of t he printing press.The Black Death also helped lead to the decline of the Church, the rise of a money economy, and subsequently the Italian Renaissance with its blue ideas and emphasis on painting. It was the Renaissance artists who, in their chase for a more durable paint, came up with oil-based paints. Adapting these to an oil-based ink that would adhere to metal type was fairly simple. Block printing, carved on porcelain, had existed for centuries before making its way to Europe. Some experiments with interchangeable copper type had been carried on in Korea.However, Chinese printing did not advance beyond that, possibly because the Chinese writing system used thousands of characters and was too unmanageable. For centuries after its introduction into Europe, block printing still found little use, since wooden printing blocks wore out pronto when compared to the time it took to carve them. As a result of the time and expense involved in making block prints, a a couple of(prenomi nal) playing cards and pages of books were printed this way, but little else. What people needed was a movable type made of metal.And here again, the revival of towns and trade contend a major role, since it stimulated a mining boom, especially in Germany, along with better techniques for working metals, including soft metals such as princely and copper. It was a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg, who created a durable and interchangeable metal type that allowed him to print many different pages, using the aforementioned(prenominal) letters all over and over again in different combinations. It was also Gutenberg who combined all these disparate elements of movable type, rag paper, the squeeze press, and oil based inks to invent the first printing press in 1451.The first printed books were religious in nature, as were most medieval books. They also imitated (handwritten) manuscript form so that people would accept this new revolutionary way of copying books. The p rinting press soon changed the forms and uses of books quite radically. Books stopped imitating manuscript forms such as lined paper to help the copiers and abbreviations to save time in copying. They also covered an increasingly wider variety of non-religious topics (such as grammars, etiquette, and geology books) that appealed especially to the professional members of the pith class.By 1482, there were about 100 printing presses in Western Europe 50 in Italy, 30 in Germany, 9 in France, 8 each in Spain and Holland, and 4 in England. A Venetian printer, Aldus Manutius, realized that the real market was not for big heavy volumes of the Bible, but for smaller, cheaper, and easier to compensate pocket books. Manutius further revolutionized book copying by his focusing on these smaller editions that more people could afford. He printed translations of the Greek classics and thus helped spread companionship in general, and the Renaissance in particular, across Europe.By 1500, there w ere near 40,000 different editions with over 6,000,000 copies in print. The printing press had dramatic cause on European civilization. Its immediate effect was that it spread information quickly and accurately. This helped create a wider literate reading public. However, its importance lay not just in how it spread information and opinions, but also in what sorts of information and opinions it was spreading. There were two main directions printing took, both of which were in all probability totally unforeseen by its creators.First of all, more and more books of a secular nature were printed, with especially profound results in science. Scientists working on the same problem in different parts of Europe especially benefited, since they could print the results of their work and share it accurately with a large number of other scientists. They in turn could take that accurate, not miscopied, information, work with it and advance noesis and understanding further. Of course, they co uld accurately share their information with many others and the process would continue.By the 1600s, this process would lead to the Scientific Revolution of the Enlightenment, which would radically alter how Europeans viewed the world and universe. The printing press also created its share of trouble as far as some people were concerned. It took book copying out of the hands of the Church and made it much harder for the Church to control or censor what was organism written. It was hard enough to control what Wycliffe and Hus wrote with just a few hundred copies of their works in circulation.Imagine the problems the Church had when literally thousands of such works could be produced at a fraction of the cost. Each new printing press was just another hole in the dyke to be plugged up, and the Church had only so many fingers with which to do the job. It is no chance event that the breakup of Europes religious unity during the Protestant Reformation corresponded with the spread of prin ting. The residual between Martin Luthers victorful Reformation and the Hussites much more limited success was that Luther was armed with the printing press and knew how to use it with devastating effect.Some people go as far as to say that the printing press is the most important invention between the invention of writing itself and the computer. Although it is impossible to liberate that statement to everyones satisfaction, one can safely say that the printing press has been one of the most powerful inventions of the modern era. It has advanced and spread knowledge and molded public opinion in a way that null before the advent of television and radio in the twentieth century could rival. If it were not able to, then freedom of the press would not be such a jealously guarded liberty as it is today.

Outsourcing Trends: Health Services Professionals

pic MGT 6220 health C atomic build 18 homo Resource precaution Outsourcing Trends health Services Professionals F nitty-grittyly 2012 Re look Paper Anthony Edens Thomas Grumley Outsourcing Trends health Services Professionals In todays healthc ar environment, in unfalteringarys be confront increasing pressure to cut d bedevil got represent, ontogeny efficiency and im turn off the woodland of uncomplaining of cargon. Although nigh of the details of the impending changes whitethorn non be perfectly defined, the industry is certain that changes argon inevitable.Going forward, on that point go forth be an increased condense on woodland penalties for re- rise to powers, medical checkup errors and infirmary acquired infections (B rehearser, 2010). several(prenominal) circumstanceors, much(prenominal) as aging populations, new treatments, low patient pecuniary responsibility and mis queue upment of incentives devote forced the Government to reconsider a uthorized Medi trade reimbursement agreements (Kaplan, Porter, 2011). For sheath, tip for dish up, which reimburses supp trickeryrs and hospitals based on the procedure performed, are non based on the desired break through and through return which should be good patient health.Thitherfore, the incentive for the rearr could be to perform much of the higher reimbursement procedures and not to center on decreasing the be of stock. Unfortunately, this has mite to a round of increasing bell for the government and payers, who are now aspect for ship expressive style to decrease reimbursement and reorient incentives with case magic spell reducing re-admissions. Decreasing reimbursement leave alone force hospitals that are not soon center on cost control to rethink the existing strategies. In light of this, hospitals impart lease to concentrate on expense control, staffing productivity and service line efficiency.Cruci all in ally, hospitals will need to focus on effective alignment with medico practices and hospitalists. One consideration that continues to drum is whether to outsource certain functions from an employment model to one involving outsourcing, and one which will be discussed at length in the following pages. The current humour is signaling a clear increase in the trend to outsource a multitude of functions, for both epic and small hospitals. In raw Healthcares 3third Annual Outsourcing Survey, 42 firms account a 14% increase in the number of health care lymph glands from 2009 to 2010.The following divisions survey, reported that among the top 20 outsourcing firms in that respect was a reported 13. 1% reaping from 2010 to 2011. The top 5 operate which are currently outsourced are laundry, housekeeping, clinical/diagnostic equipment maintenance, hospital based emergency subdivisions and solid food services (Kutscher, 2012). Additionally, the outsourcing of hind end office functions continues to increase. For example , firms providing accounts receivable functions reported a 21% increase in 2010 and firms providing medical record services reported a 6% increase in 2010 and an 8% increase in 2011 (Kutscher, 2012 Daly, 2011).Also colligate to the back office functions is effective r eveningue enhancement rack management. When considering the tightening of the current and future reimbursement environment, the skill for a hospital to successfully collect monies owed and to reduce bad debt will be crucial. For example, in May of 2011, Conifer, a secondary of for-profit hospital chain Te give notice Healthcare Corp. , Dallas announced that it shutd on a broadcast to house revenue management services to 56 hospitals (Kutscher, 2012). An separate area of explosive maturation is in the IT sector.Part of the reason is that in that location is a federal mandate which requires hospitals and physician practices to hand over meaningful use of electronic records. Not only are t here(predicate) fin ancial incentives for implementing electronic health records early, there are financial penalties for those that have not apply a corpse over the next few years. Robust proceeds shtup also be seen among the firms that provide diagnostic equipment maintenance. In moderne Healthcares 33rd Annual Outsourcing Survey, these firms saw 12. 6% growth from 2009 to 2010 and the following years survey showed a 16. % increase. This is due to the fact the medical equipment is growing increasingly more than complex and that narrow firms are able to adhere to strict maintenance schedules, provide detailed keep and track repair cost. One of the bouffant(p)st areas of growth is in the outsourcing of anesthesia services. From 2009 to 2010, the growth among survey respondents was 147% to a total of 222 necessitates. One of the reasons for this is that anesthesia services mickle operate as a self contained unit in spite of appearance a hospital.This works more efficiently than if each phys ician would bring in their own team by providing both consistency and cost effectiveness. However, there are concerns regarding outsourcing hospital services. Reasons for hesitation among hospital executives sess be merged culture, patient privacy and regulatory compliance. There are definite auspices and compliance concerns related to the outsourcing of electronic medical records. For instance, while Indian redress and pharmaceutical companies have had success, gaining marketplace share from U. S hospitals may prove to be difficult. As soon as it leaves the confines of the U. S. , its not subject to the analogous rigorous laws as we are, pleads George Conklin, chief information officer of Christus Health (Sharma, 2010). Here, we are going to focus on outsourcing the hospitalist and revenue cycle functions and show some of the advantages and limitations of each. The number of hospitals that have hospitalist programs continues to grow, and today 2/3rd of all hospitals use a h ospitalist program. Additionally, the demand for these providers currently outweighs the supply with a total of 31,000 covering the countrys demand of 40,000 (Buser, 2010).One of the reasons for this increasing demand is it allows those physicians with prompt outpatient practices to concentrate on those practices and for the providers in the hospitalists programs to concentrate on the inpatients. Additionally, hospitalists support focus their attention to the details of inpatient management due to their more consistent practice patterns and expertise which all helps to reduce average length of layover and increase patient health and satisfaction. infirmarys can choose from either employing and managing the host of hospitalists lineally or victimisation a 3rd party marketer such as TeamHealth or EmCare to outsource the service.For instance, a hospital may choose to employ a group of hospitalists promptly if its looking to ensure quality and bring the programs under local con trol to align the program with their own mission and values. However, crucial to the success of this is effective leadership and expertise. In some instances, employing hospitalists directly may require abundant enthronisation in IT systems and other tools which will require large amounts of capital dollars that some smaller hospitals may not have access to.In these instances a hospital may choose to outsource this function to topic advantage of the large economies of scale and expertise a large vendor may be able to offer. For instance, in the article Hospital Medicines focus Shuffle by Bonnie Darves, Martin Buser, MPH, who is the co-founder of the hospitalist consulting firm Hospitalist attention Resources LLC, attri exactlyes the finalitys to outsource to rapid growth of programs in which the hospital did not have the proper infrastructure and financial support to carry on with the program.Additionally, by outsourcing the practice the hospital reduces its regulatory risks as well as administrative and recruiting burdens. For example, in 2007 Hospital Specialists of Georgia, turned over management services to Cogent, a prominent and large vendor of hospitalist programs. At the m the group was handling a third base of the medical centers admissions and could not increase that without support.Without available capital, the caller-up was not able to meet the growing demands of IT, especially as quality and performance visorment started to become more prevalent. (Darves, 2007). Using a 3rd party vendor whose expertise lies in focus and efficiency, and especially when unite with firms who bundle ED and hospitalist services, hospitals can reduce patient wait clock and reduce the number of patients who leave the ER prior to triage or treatment. lastly this acts to increase the overall bulks of the hospital.Additionally, for 2012, CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) created two new critical measurements which measure, in minutes, the time from ED arrival to ED departure for patients claimted from the ED to the facility and from the admit decision time to the time of departure from the ED for patients admitted to inpatient status. amend these times has a multitude of positive effects on the facility. For example, this can reduce the ED length of rest, increase the ED capacity, improve the admission process and ultimately improve the patient outcome.Conversely, some may ask that quality and alignment with the hospital are better achieved when providers are occupied directly. For example, Kadlec checkup Center of Richland Washington decided that in 2006 it would discontinue its arrangement with a large vendor and bring its program in-house. The hospital cute more control over the number of hospitalists as well as the scope and quality of services (Darves, 2007). However, the data suggests that quality does not bewilder when outsourcing a hospitalist program. This is why we recommend outsourcing in the case of a hospitalist program.In a 2009 survey released by the medical Group Management Association, the data shows that a hospitalist from a large vendor sees, on average, more than 19% more patients per day than a hospitalist employed by the hospital. Patrick Hays FACHE and C. Thomas smith explain in their article Why the Independent Hospitalist Practice is here to Stay, that this does not imply an adverse effect on the quality of the healthcare, and is kinda the result of a focused effort where other hospital assignments are not competing for attention.An increase in focus and expertise can lead to early detection and better diagnosis of disease which ultimately leads to slight expensive and less complex treatments, and of the essence(p)ly, to fewer re-admissions. Outsourcing the hospitalist practice is also cost effective. A 3rd party hospitalist vendor can usually amalgamate its existing software with the hospitals and reduce training and orientation costs that could come with havin g to learn a new EMR system. In addition to IT and recruiting costs, there can also be costs associated with commission, accounting, wakeless, regulatory, marketing and quality control.Should a hospital choose to employ the physicians and experience rapid growth without the proper infrastructure, these costs can quickly deteriorate the earnings of the group. Regulatory and legal costs can be especially problematic. For instance, Stark and Anti-Kickback Laws limit what a hospital can pay to an employed physician and require that each contract be put under scrutiny to ensure bazaar market value scrutiny to guarantee there are no conflicts of care between the physician, hospital and patient.To make certain a hospital is not violating these serious and complex laws, it would need to employ and increase its legal departments infrastructure to include a department specifically designated to physician contracts, a cost m any(prenominal) small hospitals may not be able to afford. With so many reasons for a hospital to use a 3rd party vendor, hospitals may become increasingly interested in avoiding the employment model. John Donahue, CEO of Cogent HMG expects a dramatic do up of hospitalist consolidation in the coming years because of the new quality requirements the government is demanding the hospitals meet.The large hospitalist companies already have effective ways to measure this as well as reduce length of stay and complications resulting from hospital stays (Robeznieks, 2012). Another step firms are taking to convince hospital executives that outsourcing is the right choice is using local contractors and simultaneously religious offering a national support model. For example, Radisphere, an Ohio based radiology outsourcing firm, uses local radiologists who work with a network of offsite subspecialists offering continuous access to consultations.In summary, outsourcing hospitalist services can provide hospitals, large and small, a cost effective and efficie nt means to provide quality patient care. With an ever increasing focus on quality, using a group focused physicians with hospital expertise who do not have competing private practices can increase patient satisfaction, increase hospital capacity and volumes all while helping the hospital achieve its goals while creating and maintaining a good quality reputation in the community. Let us not for eviscerate, however, that the presence of Human Resources should be critical in this decision.The lintel of Human Resources necessarily to understand the dynamics of the business sector and the challenges that lay out front should the company choose to outsource an existing function or in-source a function currently delegated to a 3rd party firm. For instance, if a decision is make to outsource an existing department there will need to be a roadmap for the existing employees. Ask questions such as, ordain there be a severance package or can these employees be transitioned or transferred to open positions in other areas of the company? Furthermore, there needs to be discussions regarding the reliability of the outsourcing firm and a contingency plan should the firm go out of business or discontinue the relationship. Are there alternative companies that could provide similar services if this situation were to arise? Will the chosen firm be able to meet the projected volume needs to the hospital? Additionally, even if the hospitalist function is outsourced, communication from management and HR will remain important so that those in these new positions palliate feel supported and motivated.HR needs to work closely with the firm providing the services so that boundaries, objectives and targets are clear. In a situation where an outsourced function is brought in-house, HR needs to ensure that the current management infrastructure can hold back the new positions. Especially in the case of employing hospitalists, contracts as well as compensation and benefit packages nee d to be created. Another example of where opportunities lie for outsourcing departments is in office functions such as revenue cycle management.In recent years, hospitals have steadily warmed to the idea of outsourcing functions which were previously kept in-house, such as business processes and information technology. However, a host of factorsincluding the passage of the unhurried Protection and Affordable Care Act, the faltering economy and the increasing fierceness on quality and performance improvementhave pushed that trend into overdrive (McKinney, 2010). In order to remain competitive and stay afloat, hospitals and other healthcare organizations are desperately looking deeper into business functions to regard the areas that may be better off outside the walls. Faced with a potential alluvion of new patients and lean budgets, hospitals are carefully considering each department to determine which functions can be turned over to contractors, and more areas are fair game th an ever before, says Reggie Hill, a partner at Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis, capital of Tennessee (McKinney, 2010). Although housekeeping, food services, and diagnostic equipment maintenance are among the most common outsourced services, revenue cycle management is becoming increasingly popular. Because of the perception that there will continue to be cuts in reimbursement and new reimbursement models, hospitals are looking for ways to cut expenses and maximize revenue, Hill says. If an outsourcing agreement looks like it will strain those goals, its going to be something a hospital will want to allow advantage of. In particular, there has been continued growth in the number of organizations that are seeking out revenue-cycle management services, Hill says. There are vendors that have shown they can add value, and more hospitals are giving it a try (McKinney, 2010).Although more organizations are looking into the use of a vendor, it is important to consider all variables before determining the best option. Outsourcing the revenue cycle function does not fit all business models. Factors such as practice size, legal compliance, training ability, cost savings, quality, and efficiency should be canvas carefully in order to come across the maximum return on investment. Companies that fit the outsourcing model and execute the transition properly can realize the greatest rewards.Conversely, outsourcing may be the downfall of an organization if these factors are not considered. When a company commits to outsourcing, cost savings tend to dominate and pains rates are a large contributing factor. In search of satisfaction, many companies are looking to offshore vendors. Offshore outsourcing companies might compose hospitals even more bullion in labor costs because employees in countries such as India often work for much less funds than U. S. staffers (Mantone, 2003). Managing a department outside of the organizations walls has its other cost saving advantages.H aving fewer internal employees reduces the need for back office blank space which will generate savings in rent. With a account service, billing and collection activities occur off-site and therefore it may be realistic for a hospital to reduce its current disk overhead costs or convert existing office space to a revenue generation, patient services area (Schechter, 2000). Furthermore, cost savings with outsourcing may also be realized in more subtle ways such as an adaptation of superior processes. The demand for standardization in revenue cycle management is on the rise. Despite growth in the industry, the floundering economy has made some providers skittish almost number one-time outsourcing deals, Zambuto says. Another motivating factor that is convince many to take the plunge is the need for standardization, he says. Outsourcing to a vendor can help ensure processes are done the same way each time at every location, which reduces the probability of errors, he says (McKi nney, 2010). With this standardization comes an increased revenue flow. Many companies are careless with collections and spend unessential time, money, and resources on correcting mistakes.Re-billing and managing overpayments can become costly due to the increased hours of movement and additional wages paid to employees working these claims. If the billing can be done quickly and accurately the first time, these costs will not have to be wasted in order to generate the same amount of revenue. For example, Marshall McHenry, MD, a Cincinnati internist, chose to outsource billing when he started his own private practice. He pays an outside billing service 6% of collections or about $20,000 to $22,000 annually, he said.In contrast, an in-house biller would have cost $30,000, including benefits, and a billing system would have cost several thousand, if not tens of thousands of dollars, Dr. McHenry estimates. Also, had he hired a biller, he would have had to factor in training and vacat ion time, and form out how to avoid down time that could have seriously sustain his practice (Chin, 2003). Additionally, this higher level of quality requires ongoing employee training which may become not only time consuming, but expensive. The billing service is responsible for hiring, training and supervising staff.They also are responsible for reportage when any of their employees are out of the office. And they are responsible for acquiring and maintaining all necessary computer software and hardware as well as addressing other technology-related issues (Schechter, 2000). The relief of these burdens will allow management to focus more on its core competencies. Typically, a revenue-cycle outsourcing firm takes over some or all of a hospitals business office functions, which can include everything from patient registration, accounts receivable, billing and coding.They consolidate those functions into larger offices that serve many providers. The end result, outsourcing companie s say, is a more efficient model that leaves more operating revenue for hospitals. Those types of business arrangements will likely continue as cash-strapped hospitals see the potential for big savings, says Dean William Harvey, a partner at the law firm Vinson & Elkins in Dallas (McKinney, 2010). Richard Garnick, chairman and CEO of Anthelio Healthcare Solutions, credits the incredible cost pressures on hospitals for the growth in his companys revenue-cycle management services.In the case of federal healthcare programs, Garnick has seen his client hospitals grow increasingly concerned that possible across-the-board cuts to Medicare and Medicaid could push them into the red. Those concerns have led some of Garnicks core clients at community hospitals to replace their in-house back office staff with his employees to reduce the cost of those functions by 30% to 35%. That gap will potentially allow that hospital to survive, he says about one recent client (Daly, 2011). Success with out sourcing has also been achieved by Marc D.Grobman, DO, a solo internist at Internal Medicine and Primary Care in Wilmington, DE when he chose to use Health Care Practice Management Inc. as a billing service. He says he is getting 98% of money due compared with 75% when he was part of the hospital network. At first using a billing service was a virtual necessity. at one time I see no reason to bring it in-house because its working out so well, Dr. Grobman says. He also thinks he gets more expert billers through outsourcing, which in turn means he leaves less money on the table. Dr.McHenry contends that he gets about 10% more $35,000 to $40,000 a year than he would have had he hired someone to handle billing. Because its a specialized skill, it can be hard to find good billers in the local labor pool, he added (Stevens, 2007). On the contrary, outsourcing does have its drawbacks, and most notably, a cut down sense of control is inevitable. Outsourcing firms are responsible for the se functions which prevents the hospital from easily maintaining close management of operations. The downside is you can lose control, said Louis Korman, MD, one of Dr. Weinsteins partners. You can be taken.There are a lot of throng who think that doctors practices are just money mills they can take advantage of (Chin, 2003). Additionally, an absence of direct management may result in poor customer service. third base party billing firms may be required to deal with patients directly and it is difficult for the hospital or physician practice to monitor this interaction closely. Many physicians believe that they are able to maintain better relationships with patients when billing functions are kept in-house. Without this strong patient provider relationship, a healthcare organization may not be able to survive.Moreover, a third party revenue cycle management firm may not hold the same work ethics as the healthcare entity which may result in subpar performance. A vital piece to t he success of any billing department is legal compliance and these performance standards must(prenominal) be met. But revenue management outsourcing has its share of pitfalls, most notably legal compliance, he adds. providers need to be confident in a contractors ability to manage the billing requirements of Medicare and other programs, while successfully complying with the Health insurance policy Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (McKinney, 2010).Dissatisfaction with an outsourcers performance led Detroit Medical Center in February to sue to dissolve a 10-year, $300 million contract with Provider HealthNet Services, Dallas. Detroit Medical said the outsourced operation failed to achieve timely completion of medical records and had not delivered on a plan to train employees and organize the department for computerized records. Provider HealthNet said uncooperative and obstructive action by Detroit Medical officials caused the performance problems (Morrissey, 2003).A compa nys decision whether or not to outsource a department will inevitably require the presence of Human Resources. One advantage of outsourcing the revenue cycle management team is the aloofness that it creates between management and the frontline employees. In some cases, this disconnect is desired by the hospital because it relieves the duty of having to deal with employee issues. If an employee of a hospital is not performing, the management team will have to carefully follow HR policies and history progression of failing performance before termination may occur.This can not only be time consuming, but it can obstruct productivity until the change may be made. Utilizing a vendor will allow the hospital to simply request that a replacement be made for a certain employee without having to follow any HR policies. age the net cost of farming out billing is unknowable, Dr. Schwartz does believe that whatever it is, its worth the peace of mind of mind it gives him. An outsource serv ice insulates us from the kinds of problems that could get us into financial trouble, he says. There are some advantages to not having him on staff, Dr. Weinstein said. The biggest one is that if hes not doing a good job, I dont have to worry about firing him. I just have to say to the company, Hey, this guy is not doing a good job. I want soulfulness else. They have to worry about firing him, and firing high-level people is not easy to do (Stevens, 2007). Although some hospitals may find this peace of mind to be worth a potential added cost, there are some disadvantages that an HR department may face with outsourcing a business function.Whenever a hospital chooses to outsource a department or other function, it will unavoidably have to endure a layoff of some magnitude. A layoff or employee termination will most certainly involve a strong HR presence. No matter the level of expertise of the HR department, this process is never easy to manage. In some cases, a layoff may be necess ary involving employees who have been part of an organization for years. Relationships have positive between the employees and management team which can make this event even more difficult.However, if the business decision to outsource is made, many times a layoff is most likely unavoidable. Additionally, this will create a loss of jobs in the community. Also it can be a hard sell because outsourcing hospitals are taking jobs from the local community and putting them elsewhere, Johnston says. Its not that big of a deal when the office has 10 people, he says. But when there are 100, 200 people in the office it becomes a big deal (Mantone, 2003). This event can also create a negative witness for the hospital which may not be beneficial for its reputation.This challenge must be closely managed by the HR department. In conclusion, outsourcing can be an effective way to increase the efficiency and lower the costs of an organization. In the case of using a 3rd party hospitalist firm, it uses a focused group of physicians who not only help to decrease costs but improve patient care and decrease re-admissions. Also, with improved patient care there comes a decrease in the average length of stay which is obviously great for the patient but also enables the hospital to increase its capacity for additional patient services.It can be advantageous to a hospital to use a 3rd party outsourcing firm so long as the goals and expectations are clearly outlined and defined within the contract terms with the firm providing these services. Another example of an opportunity to take advantage of the focus of a 3rd party firm is in the realm of the revenue cycle function. Advantages such as decreased overhead costs, increased expertise and augmented standardization are ways in which a hospital can improve its overall collections, decrease its net accounts receivable days and lower the amount of money spent to do so.Outsourcing does not necessarily imply going overseas, as mentioned in the hospitalist example above, patient care mostly depends on human interaction in most services and so the local community economy system intact. In the end, HR needs to be well versed in the goals of the company and be able to contribute to the decision by offering perspective on future labor needs, compensation and benefit costs or savings and strategic alignment with the hospitals strategies and mission. References Buser, M. , (2010, December). Hospitalist Programs in the Age of Healthcare Reform.Journal of Healthcare Management, 556, 378-380. Chin, T. , (2003, August 11). The Doctor is Outsourcing To hold or Not to Hire. American Medical News, Retrieved November 15, 2012 from http//www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2003/08/11/bisa0811. htm Daly, R. , (2011, family 5). below Pressure. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 41 consequence 36, S1-S4. Darves, B. , (2007, May). Hospital Medicines Management Shuffle. Todays Hospitalist. Retrieved November 10, 2012 from http//www. todayshospitalist. com/index. php? b=articles_read&cnt=64. html Hays, P. , Smith, C. Thomas. , (2010, October).Why the Independent Hospitalist Practice is here to Stay. Physician Future. Retrieved November 18, 2012 from http//www. physicianfuture. com/news/physician-news/why-the-independent-hospitalist-practice-is-here-to-stay. html Kaplan, R. , Porter, M. , (2011, September). How to Solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care. Harvard Business Review, 48-49. Kutscher, B. , (2012, September 3). Expertise on Call. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 42 cut down 36, 20-27. Mantone, J. , (2003, November 24). Letting Someone Else Do It Better. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 33 Issue 47, S10McKinney, M. , (2010, September 20). Outsourcing Sees Stimulus Effect Health Reform, Ailing Economy Prompt a Closer Look at Use of Contractors. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 40 Issue 38, pS1-S5, 5p. Morrissey, J. , (2003, May 12). Not Paying Off Baylor, EDS Terminate tax revenue Management Deal. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 33 Issue 19, p3, 1/2p. Robezn ieks, A. , (2012, April 2). Partnering up As Consolidation Begins to Sweep through Healthcare, Hospitalists Expect to See the Trend pelt along in their Sector. Modern Healthcare, Vol. 42, Issue 14. Schechter, K. , (2000, July 24).Compare Costs, Benefits of Billing Service vs. In-House. American Medical News, Retrieved from http//www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2000/07/24/bica0724. htm Sharma, A. , Worthen, B. , (2010, November). Qualms Arise Over Outsourcing of Electronic Medical Records. The Wall thoroughfare Journal. Retrieved November 29, 2012 from http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748704865104575588252907738276. html Stevens, L. , (2007, April 16). The Ins and Outs of Billing Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. American Medical News, Retrieved November 15, 2012 from http//www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2007/04/16/bisa0416. htm

Titian’s Venus and the Lutenist

Titian, genus Venus and the Lutenist Titians Venus and the Lutenist depicts Venus laying in a courtly setting set on a bigger pastoral embellish. The intertwining of both courtly and pastoral is common in the exalted Renaissance and appropriate for the moving-picture show as Venus is the queen of love, beauty, and nature. The painting was very possibly a wedding gift to a master or ruler, and the theme of marriage is reflected in Venus ring and the wreath of flowers that Cupid places above her head. Trademarks of the courtly, such as jewelry and sumptuous clothing, are chip at with pastoral features.Indeed, Venus is set upon a pastoral and natural landscape because there is none among living things which has not been derived from love as from its first and most(prenominal) reverend father. (Bembo, Gli Asolani) By setting her indoors, laying on luxurious fabrics, Titian glorifies and places a higher value on Venus. It seems to set a hierarchy where she is at the top, and nature and humanity are underneath. She lays beside a nobleman playing the lute, which is in itself a courtly instrument and he is gazing at her in admiration.By delineation the nobleman as young, Titian gives Venus an almost maternal quality, playing on the idea that she is the mother of all things (she is occasionally compared to Mary. ) She is also set apart from the scene in the background by the difference in the activities being performed by the figures. In the background can be seen nymphs and satyrs dancing freely, in contrast to the higher, more civilized Venus in the foreground. Titian resolves contradictory value of the sixteenth century by ennobling and glorifying a figure of undischarged sexuality and underlining Venus influence on all of nature done the larger pastoral landscape.

Relationship Between Sexual Selection and Human Reproductive Behaviour Essay

Relationships fuel be explained by twain sexual selection and the human reproductive system however they twain differ from each separate. Sexual selection explains how evolution is driven by competitions for mating and to ensure the characteristics that are chose allow the reproduction to be a success. The human reproductive behaviour explains the strategies that both manfuls and egg-producing(prenominal)s take on. Sexual selection has two types, Intra-sexual selection and Inter- sexual selection. Intra-sexual selection is men competing towards each other for females.This allowed men to evolve into bigger, stronger males with to a greater extent manly characteristics. Inter-sexual selection involves females choosing their males. They seek partners who locoweed provide them with resources such as a home and wealth as well as protection. Due to the two types of selection, both male and females film evolved leading to better characteristics. Evolutionary surmise states that body symmetry and even faces are desired characteristics, Cartwright (2000) appoint that women who have symmetrical breasts are more fertile than those with asymmetrical breasts.This supports the idea that body symmetry indicates reproductive physical fitness which leads to evolved characteristics, and allows women to have high self-esteem. Furthermore, other than symmetrical body and face structures males consumption physical lovingness to judge how fit a female is to reproduce. work force look of more attractive females however females look for men who can provide good state of wealth. This is due to men entirely look for the characteristics of reproduction and successive care of children from females.Although men and women both look into distinct characteristic, females are choosier since they have a larger investment and therefore more to lose. However, the study cannot be supported since a disadvantage of this study is that female may alter the appearance in order to s eem puppylike and fertile, while men may also lie and hyperbolize on the amount of resources they have in order to get females to mate.Buss conducted a study testing participants from 37 cultures, finding that men like young, attractive females while females prefer men who are rich, ambitious and industrious. A admonition of this study is that it was conducted via a questionnaire. The problem with questionnaires is that individuals may lie or exaggerate about their mate preference in order to fit with the average of satisfy social desirability. The female handicap hypothesis states that females choose male with handicap features such as smoking, drugs etc.This is because the find men are more superior and take the stand a sign of genetic fitness. Grammer and Thornhill (1994) found that females choose men with masculine features which suppress the immune system since precisely the healthy mates can produce masculine features. The research doesnt support the supposition since it shows that women do care about features rather than only if they have genetic fitness. The features allow females to generate an investment in anosogamy which leads to their gamy son hypotheses, since they sexually select the genes.One of the many male strategies for mating success includes size. Since males selective females that are the most reproductively fittest, they evolve to be biggest and show strength of success in competition against other males for females. The evolutionary guess supports this strategy as it states the men do evolve do to characteristics gained from earlier reproduction. This indicates that the characteristics essential have been gained from successive male and female reproduction.The evolutionary theory as a whole has a lot of faults. Deviant activities such as rape and forced sexual activities also cause a success in reproduction, however this doesnt mean that the reproduction must of occurred due to the male and female strategies nor does it sugge st that individuals choose who they mate with. The theory is also a educationalist as it ignores other factors such as cultural influences on why reproductive success occurs.

Hitory Elective Notes: Chapter 6

Tanjong Katong Secondary School Secondary FourHistory Elective Chapter 6 War in EuropeHow was Germ each responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Hitlers foreign policy aims Hitler wanted to grant Germany ____ again by having a _________ and regaining the ____ lost by TOV. cherished all told German- speaking people to live to keep upher in whizz pastoral called _____________. Felt that Germanys growing population needed more than room to live and grow food. He called this ___________ (living space). He could get his lebensraum by __________ lands east of Germany. Hated the _____________ ideology and wanted to conquer the Soviet Union to destroy _____________. SU had vast lands and Hitler believed that the Germans could use the lands for _________. Steps seize onn by Hitler 1933 Hitler pulled Germany out of the ________________ organised by the fusion of Nations, announcing that she impart disarm provided if other nations did so as well. 1933 Pulled Germany out of __________ __________. 1934 change magnitude the size of his ____ from 100, 000 to 300,000 men. (conscription) 1935 Increased the size of the army to 550,000 men & reintroduced ___________________________ for all male citizens. Re-militarisation of ______________ TOV stated that no ________________ were to be in Rhineland after Allied military personnel had withdrawn. 1936 Ordered military into ______________________________. Britain and France took no action against Germany. British claim Germany was only marching into its take backyard. France un testamenting to take action without Britains support. Anschluss with _______ TOV stated that there should be no ____________ (anschluss) between Germany and Austria. Hitler move to take control of Austria. Hitler threatened Austrian Chancellor Schushnigg that he would send in his army. March 1938 German troops marched into Austria, which then became a _________ of Germany. How was the League of Nations responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Weak nesses of LON An exclusive ennead for __________ of WWI. Germany was non treated well. By non treating all its members with _______________, it failed to win the _________ from members. Richest and roughly powerful member of the instauration ______- non in the League = weak. Britain and France were the loose leaders of LON only if only took action when it served their knowledge ________. Poor leadership - members ______________ for the League. Members of the League were supposed to ________ each other through the use of __________________, but this was never applied. When League did not punish Japan when it attacked Manchuria, Italy and Germany went ahead with their attacks ________ that the League could not stop them. Did not have an ____ of its own, thus not in a position to _______ a country from ________. Failure to curb Italian aggression in ___________, 1936 Action Benito _________ (Fascist leader of Italy) wanted to increase Italian influence in Abyssinia (todays Ethiopia) and made plans to ______ it. Response LON only apply a _________ economic embargo against Italy. But this too was not fully implemented due to fear that any embargo would affect members own economies. LON was not _____ enough to protect countries from attacks by its members. Failure to encourage ___________ France Did not feel ____ from Germany and refused to disarm. Hitler If other countries did not disarm, then Germany had the right to build up its armed forces and did so at a ____ pace. Other European countries Began to rearm _______ Germany. Failure to preserve ______ of the League Britain Fear that Germany would have a naval forces ______ than hers. In 1935, signed the ______________________ which allowed Germany to increase the size of its navy to 35% of the British navy, including submarines, which were banned in TOV. Britain, the unofficial leader of the LON, broke the military price of the TOV and placed her own avocations first. Other members followed Brit ains example, instead of acting together to _________ the ___ of a ________ strong Germany. Failure to preserve _______________ Due to ________________, many countries priced their goods more _______ than foreign goods, in an attempt to sell more of their goods overseas. They also tried to _______ foreign goods from being sold in other countries by training ______ on the foreign goods. 1933 LON held international conference to stop countries from increasing tariffs, but none of the countries wanted to _________. Each country believed that it had to protect its own interest first ______ contend between countries. How were Britain and France responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Appeasement __________ state of war at all costs by _________ to whatever the enemy country asks for. Reasons for calming WWI, with its great __________ made war an __________ choice. Economies _______________ by WWI and GD. Needed to _________ economies and could not _____ to fight another war. Br and Fr needed more ____ to _________ their army. many a(prenominal) British and French ______ were fighting for their independence. Br and France could not afford to appease these rebellions and fight a major war in Europe at the same time. Felt that they could not win a war against Germany without the ease of USA. USA was following a strict policy of ________ and would not get involved in any war in Europe. Felt that _________ was a bigger threat than _______. A strong Germany would prevent the spread of socialism from Soviet Russia to other parts of Europe. Example of appeasement ______________ Crisis, 1938 Hitler wanted to take over Sudentenland (part of ______________) after Austria. Despised the Czech people as they were _____ an _______________. prospering country ____ in resources. Over 3 million _________ living in Sudentenland wanted to make it part of his Greater Germany. Sudetenland important for Czechoslovakia because of its _________ and heavy __________ laid there. En couraged members of the Sudetenland _____________ to make as much trouble for the Czech organization so that it would give up Sudetenland. Czechoslovakia looked to Britain and France to stop Hitler, since Sudetenland was not a German land which had been taken away by TOV. It had never ___________ to Germany. Britain and France feared that Europe will be _______ into a war if the crisis was not solved. Br PM Neville _____________ went to Germany triad times in family line 1938 in and effort to prevent war. third meeting in _______ Representatives from Br, Fr, Italy, Germany attended, but not ______ or ______. Munich Agreement Germany would not be stopped from taking Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler promised not to take any more land in Europe. Chamberlain happy that war had been __________. Impact of appeasement Policy of appeasement had merely _____________ greater ___________ from Germany, since Hitler was _________ that Britain and France would give in to all his demands/actio ns, as they did not want to get involved in a bigger war. End of appeasement March 1939 Hitler invaded ______________. Invasion convinced Br and Fr that Hitler could no longer be _______ and ended their policy of appeasement. How was Soviet Union responsible for the outbreak of WWII? Stalins concerns Worried about the maturate of Hitler, who openly stated that he ______ Communism. ________ was Hitlers next target and it was _________ on USSRs western front. 1934 Stalin joined _______________ to gain _____________ for USSR from Germany. However, he was concerned that the LON will not protect USSR since it took no ______ against Germany when it broke terms of TOV. Believed that Br and Fr wanted to see Communism _____________ too. Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939 Pact of _________ between Germany and USSR. Hitlers indicate wanted Poland but worried about fighting a war on two ______ Br and Fr on western dodge and USSR on eastern border. Stalins reason To avoid war with Germany. monetary val ue USSR would remain _______ if Germany attacked Poland. In exchange, they would ________ Poland between them. Reaction Came as a ______ to the world as Hitler hated Communism and USSR. Significance Gave Hitler _________ to invade Poland, as he would not have to face a two-front war. On 1 Sept 1939, he ________ Poland, confident that his army would be able to handle a war with Br and Fr, if they responded at all. The following day, Br and Fr _________ a _________ from Poland or face a war. Hitler _________. Br and Fr _______________ on Germany. Questions to study Who/what was responsible for the outbreak of WWII and to what extent? What were the long term causes of the war? What were the laconic term causes of the war? What were the factors which triggered the war?