Personality & Attitudes on Revenge in the General Population of Scotland Essay Example for Free

genius Attitudes on R until nowge in the General Population of Scotland EssayFantasies variegate from person to person and atomic number 18 dependent on psycho uniform condition. In a clinical commonwealth fantasies tend to last longer than in non-clinical populations. Although oecumenic each head game has been heralded to last relatively short periods of time, the frequency of which they occur is usu altogethery the f behaveor that determines whether they atomic number 18 of concern or not (Gellerman and Suddath, 2005). in that location seems to be a limited sum of research uncommitted on the customary understanding of this effect but the literature that does exist appears to focus on three fussy areas, sustaining fantasies as a touror of deal with painful and stressful agencys in the general population however particularly in the clinical population (Zelin, Bernstein, Heijn, Jampel, Myerson, Adler, Buie Rizzuto, 1983 Harder Zelin, 1984 Greenwald Harder, 1994 Greenwald Harder, 1995 Greenwald and Harder, 1997) aggressive fantasies for pleasure or satisfaction in the general population unless more than often than not habitually involuntary for the clinical population and generally violent, knowledgeable and sadistic in nature (Gellerman Suddath, 2005 Egan Campbell, 2009 Selby, Anestis Joiner (2007), and finally, revenge fantasies concerning those who have catchd trauma (Mardi Harowitz, 2007). In search of material for this canvass affect has it that homicidal fantasies on the whole is the one of which focuses on a more simple view of its evident natural occurrence in natural surroundings of ein truthday life, and suck ups the evolving acceptance that m whatsoever normal police abiding citizens can and do have fantasies.Sustaining day-dreamFrom a orbit conducted by Zelin et al (1983) the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ) was genuine to measure sustaining functions in psychiatric inpatients in comparison with non-patients. This questionnaire was constructed specifically to measure fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God, closeness, post and revenge, awe of self, competition and aesthetics. The questionnaire was then utilised to determine that psychiatric inpatients scored higher than non-patients on fantasies of death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God and closeness but fantasies of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics did not differentiate surrounded by groups. Thus, suggesting that the questionnaire was able to differentiate the groups by joke factors such as death, withdrawal, restitution, suffering, God and closeness and highlighted associations of power and revenge, admiration of self, competition and aesthetics with an unconditional measure of psychology.It is said that experiencing Sustaining Fantasies is a long-familiar, consistent and repetitive conscious deception adopted to function roll in the hay with feel ings of a painful and stressful situation. According to Zelin et al (1983) the sustaining trick is a concept based on the observation that at times of extreme negative emotional states, ca apply by anger or swollen grievance, great deal often resort to this as a means of re-creating a more ideal situation than that of which bear upon the painful experience, fabricating a sense of satisfaction, restoring self-esteem and emotional equilibrium, and decreasing frustration. Ultimately, the sustaining vision is based on the assumption that such fantasies signify and demonstration the basic construction and helpes that have evolved in the course of efforts to accommodate to painful situations. We are re drumheaded by Zelin et al (1983) that this fancy is of a specific type called only into forgather when suffering increasing directs of stress, and should not be confused by those fantasies used as a mantled endeavour of pleasure or solutions to relatively un-stressful problems, su ch studies go out be discussed later in the review. genius year on, Harder Zelin (1984) furthered the hit the books of Zelin et al (1983) accepting that the sustaining fantasy questionnaire was authentic primarily with psychiatric inpatients, but recognising similarly, the potency for its use in testing correlates among a more general sample. Assuming that everyone uses sustaining fantasies to aid or life themselves through highly stressful periods in life and presuming the importance of this factor in the capability to argue adaptively rather than maladaptively, Harder Zelin (1984) extended cares and investigations into the genius functioning in the general population as well as with pathological persons.They did this by examining the relationship amidst the 10 types of sustaining fantasies report by Zelin et al (1983) and deuce dimensions of self-concept self-derogation and stableness of self-concept, suspecting that the type of sustaining fantasy that the person cha racteristically brings into play will be consistent with and in subscribe to of their self-concept, an important relation with psychological-social adjustment and even a potential determinant of psychological-social adjustment. Successfully, the results demonstrated that the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire was rock-steady not only to differentiate between groups of psychiatric inpatients from normal controls, as Zelin et al (1983) demonstrated, but also to distinguish the group of college students used in this count.Just over a decade later Greenwald Harder (1994) followed on from Zelin et al (1983), attempting to examine the expect associations between psychopathology, just about replicating exactly, apart from their use of a student population primarily from a middle-class backgrounds. In addition, Greenwald Harder (1994) questioned if the sustaining fantasy scales associated with weaker functioning, reflects a more general pathology factor as proposed in the data of Zelin e t al (1983) or, whether each reflects a particular maladaptive style that is signified by an exceptional construction of associations with the MMPI clinical scales. Further support and reliability of Zelin et al (1983) is strengthened in Greenwald Harders (1994) findings that power/revenge, death/illness, withdrawal/ cheerion and suffering are all related significantly to some(prenominal) of the MMPI measures of overall psychopathology, thusly four of the six fantasy types that imply psychopathology in the inpatients (Zelin et al, 1983) were too the indicators of pathology in the study using the middle-class students.Considering all of the previously mentioned studies (Zelin et al, 1983 Harder Zelin, 1984 Greenwald Harder, 1994) it seems fair to say that ample evidence has been gathered to ground that definite types of sustaining fantasy ideas, characteristically used to comfort the self when experiencing feelings of hurt and stress, are associated with indications of psychopa thological adjustment. The subscribe for Greenwald Harder (1995) was then to examine to what extent there are parallels between them and the degree to which such content ideas whitethorn well point out psychopathology. With reference to past research on daydreaming, where Singer Antrobus (1972) have suggested that particular collections of imagery content appear to propose less favourable styles, there seems to be similarities with the findings of Zelin et al (1983), although they did punctuate the difference between otherwise fantasies such as daydreams and re headland us not to confuse them. reversion to this emphasis and that of Zelin et al (1983), clinical impressions have proposed that in more elbow rooms than one, the overall content of these two types of fantasies is rather parallel. As a result of this proposal, Greenwald Harder (1995) look intod whether sustaining fantasies generally show a strong similarity to the usual daydreams preferred by an individual, or whet her there really is a movement from the content of ordinary daydreams to the familiar self-comforting ones that provide support during feelings of pain and stress. To do this they compared the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire and the numerous Imaginal Process Inventory (IPI) (Singer Antrobus, 1972) scales for correspondence in content and in their relationships to measures of psychopathology, and a great deal of consistency was discovered even when partialling for social desirability. It was cerebrate that there was in fact considerable overlap in the content and of correspondence between both, sustaining fantasy and daydreams, and furthermore, it was highlighted that three particular IPI scales were observed to give significant indications of psychopathology fear reaction, bizarre and hostile.Despite the enjoy in these findings Greenwald Harder (1995) speculated the possibility that rather than the findings being a result of specific content they may be the result of a broad l evel of association between the two scales. In pursuit of this assumption further analysis detected the average degree of correlation between SFQ and IPI characteristics in comparison to the level of association displayed by those relationships they predicted, finding that although there was no significance, there was a trend toward significance. Thus, suggesting that a general commonality between the SFQ and the IPI may have been a factor in contributing to the extent of their triumph in predictions for the study.On this note one should be reminded that for the purpose of reliability and validity, considering an underlying weakness alongside the success is vital for afterlife study in terms of recognising the possibility for individuals to very well imagine and daydream simultaneously in ordinary and/or stressful situations. It is now becoming patent that sustaining fantasies are possibly not quite as specific from other fantasies in particular situations such as coping with stressful matters, as was first purpose, or, that if they are, they do not always emerge completely alone. make up on the results of this study Greenwald Harder (1995) propose the question of whether it would be beneficial to use the findings of their study, subsequent past research, to canvas clinical manipulation of the content and/or frequency of fantasy having therapeutic effects, bearing in mind the given definition of sustaining fantasy in Zelin et al (1983) at the beginnings of this extensive research.To address the proposed questions that emerged from Greenwald Harder (1995) they conducted another study in 1997 replicating the previously discussed studies and replicating reported relationships between coping behaviours and psychopathology however, this time they utilised measurement instruments that were developed by different investigators, presented different answer formats, and were not developed to measure the same content areas as before. They rateed whether co nsistent relationships exist between the content of self-reported coping behaviours, sustaining fantasies, and ordinary daydreams and in addition attempted to rank coping behaviours associated with psychopathology, exploring any consociateions between coping behaviours, fantasies, and daydreams correlated with pathology.Pearson correlations indicated similar content between coping behaviours and the two types of fantasy and significant inter-correlations were found between sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and coping behaviours that, separately, were found to be significantly associated with psychopathology. In the process of this investigation, and with influencing thoughts created by the previous workings, Greenwald and Harder (1997) took into consideration the likelihood to expect there would be a consistency between the region of fantasy and behaviour, and that individuals would report thoughts and action in parallel ways but then again, consider also that it is also probable t o anticipate that fantasies could serve as a substitute for action, and that a report of specific fantasy content might be inversely associated with behaviour that contains similar content.Growing in strength, again the results of Greenwald Harder (1997) were successful in that there is a significant association with regard to the content among self-reported daydreams, sustaining fantasies, and coping behaviours, even after controlling for social desirability. These results are found to be more influential collectable to the fact that they were obtained with assessment instruments that were developed by different investigators, used different response formats, and were not developed to measure the same content areas.Therefore, this information suggest that, while there may be about instances of fantasies and behaviours that relate inversely to each other, fantasies usually are consistent with behavioural coping styles. These findings then highlight that there is a complex of dayd reams, fantasies, and behavioural responses that could be used to characterize individuals. Furthermore, to generalize the findings of this study it was recommended that future studies should be conducted with other subject populations that lodge in into account age, culture, socioeconomic status and residence environment (Greenwald Harder, 1997), however, it seems beguile to mention that maybe at this point it is a good time to look at how the sustaining fantasy ideology has branched out to embrace other influencing factors.Aggressive FantasiesEgan Campbell (2009) expanded research on sustaining fantasies almost taking it to a new level by selecting a diverse population, as recommended by Greenwald Harder (1997), but more importantly taking into account other domains that showed potential to reveal relationships from another angle. Such were, sensory topics, general personality traits, and self-reported corporal aggression. They found relationships between sensational inter ests and physical aggression, regardless of gender. Personality and the practical application of negative sustaining fantasies significantly forecast physical aggression.When the SFQ was reduced to three higher order factors positive, negative, and narcissistic sustaining fantasies, correlations were found between neuroticism (N) and both positive and negative sustaining fantasies, although the association was stronger for negative fantasies. There were small associations between positive sustaining fantasies and indirect non-physical hostility although these relations were humble, and openness (O) was a stronger predictor. Narcissistic sustaining fantasies related to low levels of agreeability (A), replicating associations between low A and narcissism generally. Ultimately proposing that aggressive and hostile persons are more stimulated by violent stimuli and that isolation is a further risk-increasing factor for aggressive interests.Following on from this last of risk-increasi ng factors, attention was directed back a few years in literature to a study conducted by Gellerman Suddath (2005). They discussed risk-increasing factors in relation to questioning at what point would a health schoolmaster perhaps become concerned with a persons fantasy enough for it to become their duty to forewarn or protect others from potential dangerousness, or even attempt to protect the person from them self. In the health profession an paygrade of dangerousness includes not only asking about violent fantasies but also asking about physical and sexual content (Gellerman Suddath, 2005).Gellerman and Suddath (2005) looked at the conditions in which the disclosure of violent fantasies to a mental health professional may generate cause for concern and a duty to warn or protect other citizens. Reviewing legal cases in which violent fantasies were considered in the context of meter potential dangerousness and the literature available on homicidal and sexually violent fantasie s in both non-incarcerated and criminal populations was also examined. It was concluded that no untroubled predictive relationship between violent fantasies and wickedly hazardous behaviour was reported in the available literature and suggestions of issues that mental health professionals may hypothesise about when gauging whether a particular violent fantasy is a sign for concern requiring rise to a duty in protecting others.At last, this newspaper is very interesting in that it is greatly unbiased and clearly discusses both the harmful aspects of fantasy as well as the innocent or un-harmful aspects, thus showing the importance of distinguishing between the two possibilities, which essential be said, is something that is lacking in the papers previously reviewed. Gellerman and Suddath (2005) condoneed in detail the definition of violent fantasy for the purpose of their paper which must be credited as again, not legion(predicate) papers in this field have done so. They expres sed their perception of violent fantasy as a thought in which an individual imagines physically harming a fellow human being in some way. They explain that the content of individual fantasies may shift from anything such as murder, sexual assault, or inappropriate sexual activity.It is emphasised that fantasy must be distinguished from an excogitation, in that the imaginary violence is not directly designed to guide or prepare for action. On the other hand, it is said that any expression of intention to harm another person is when we should have cause for concern as this is without doubt communicating a threat rather than a fantasy. Gellerman and Suddath (2005) noted two important points in terms of distinguishing between fantasy being harmless or harmful, firstly, while not instantaneously aimed at guiding action, fantasy has been illustrated as serving a number of clinical functions, including control and relief of anxiety and substitution for action therefore harmless to other s and at the same time very useful to the fantasizer, secondly, from a harmful perspective fantasy may also be preparation for action and it is from this perspective that concern should be heightened in the military rank of dangerousness and the duty to protect.Gellerman and Suddath (2005) go on to give balanced examples of both harmless and harmful fantasies. In their comparisons of both sides and in both populations, un-incarcerated and criminal, together with their overall review of the literature they used, they suggest that as fantasies of murder were slightly common in general Western European and American populations, and a range of fantasies of aggression and sexual violence were less common, but were by no means rare, people should bear in mind that this high prevalence of homicidal and sexually aggressive fantasy can only make us question then, to what extent can such fantasies be considered deviant.In addition it should be highlighted that Gellerman and Suddath (2005) f ound that actual studies have evidently established that many more individuals have homicidal and sexually violent fantasies than act on them. The relationship between violent fantasy and behaviour in these studies was correlative at best, and no suggestions were given in attempt to identifying the minority of individuals with violent fantasies who may be at risk of acting them out. Altogether, it was concluded that predictors better than fantasies alone are the eminence of the fantasies, the concern with them, and the level of preparation and detail, and the history of any past violent behaviours all need to be looked at collectively (Gellerman Suddath, 2005).Another study of interest where aggressive fantasies seek personal pleasure but in a paradoxical way is that of Selby, Anestis Joiner (2007). They reported that self-destructive individuals regularly report the reoccurrence of fantasy where they can visualise their death by suicide very clearly in their imagination, almost like watching it on TV. Selby et al (2007) found that many unremittingly self-destructive individuals are thought to have a romantic affection for death and as a result, connect themselves in vivid fantasies or daydreams about the process and the after-effects. This somewhat idealistic thought process even appears to be a pleasant motion for them.In desperation of escape from torment and pain (Baumeister, 1990), it seems that the act of suicide is the answer and therefore thinking about the liberation that death would present, perhaps enables suicidal individuals to experience positive affects similar to that of non-suicidal individuals daydreaming or fantasizing about future life events such as holidays (Selby et al, 2007). This daydreaming may actually be a form of emotion dysregulation, in suicidal individuals, one that would appear, perhaps paradoxically, to increase positive affect yet may increase later risk for serious suicidal behaviour. This psychological state was also co nsidered by Zelin et al (1983).Revenge FantasiesSuicidal behaviour, just like the fantasies they provoke, vary in content and from person to person however for the purpose of this review it should be mentioned that revenge fantasies among many other things, can often be the cause for suicidal behaviour (Mardi Harowitz, 2007). In one way the reason behind the fantasies are similar per se feelings of rage shame guilt etc., but in another way very different often unwanted and uncontrollable. Revenge fantasies are described as being beyond normal bitter thoughts and sometimes dangerous. The study conducted by Mardi Harowitz (2007) was an attempt to seek solutions to a hypothetical case demonstrating a problem existing in clinical practice.The method behind this is for the authors to review current data on prevalence, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment and ultimately conclude treatment recommendations. Again it is brought to attention that the quantity of literature addressing f antasy is limited, Mardi Harowitz (2007) pointed out at the beginning of their paper that revenge fantasies have been discussed in literature, however not adequately addressed, a problem common for most papers in this review. Like all other fantasies per se, revenge fantasies can provide a sense of reinstated purpose and regain of control in an otherwise traumatized life and purely for this purpose it is imperative to assist traumatized individuals in recognizing this.Mardi Harowitz (2007) split the scenario up into sections in sequence to how step by step the scenario would be assessed and addressed in a clinical setting. completely important techniques and procedures were discussed such as, the importance of techniques in psychotherapy being put in place with the untold needed interpretations and reappraisals and with careful differentiation of rational and irrational beliefs. It was explained that it is then, that the function of revenge fantasies as giving an illusion of str ength can be interpreted.Mardi Harowitz (2007) suggest the fact that the results of therapy may be attenuation of symptoms, and revenge fantasies are deep-rooted, there is an important need for informing the patients that revenge fantasies are likely to return, and are frequently generated by things as simple as seeing a movie, being hurt, or entering an irritated liquid body substance as a result of fatigue. Mardi Harowitz (2007) go on to explain that the professional should help the patient conception a comeback, which can engage in reviewing a pre-established set of ideas, overall they express that their goal is to help the patient gain a sense of restored control, self-esteem, and self-coherence without resorting to the strong-me property of a revenge fantasy.Taking into account the apparent lack of topic specific resources that provide general information on the influences of fantasy in the general public, and the gaps that seem wide open between studies in fantasy, it seems fair to say that the beginning would be a good place to start. As a result the current study will seek to investigate attitudes of the general public toward fantasies, looking to find out what they think fantasies might be and to what extent they think it is normal for people to have them. It will be hypothesised that most people will believe that a fantasy is a mere thought of imagination detached from reality to satisfy emotional desires without logical or moral constraints and likewise most people will agree that it is normal to have fantasies. It is expected that more people will agree, than disaccord, that it is ok and can be accepted as normal for people to have homicidal fantasies.MethodDesignA between- role players point biserial correlation will be used to analyse the data. The independent variables will be the self report personality inventory (IPIP-NEO) and the attitude measuring questions and the dependent variable will be musicians score on the IPIP-NEO and the attit ude score. Variables such as gender, age, marital status, housing tenure, regions, employment status, income bracket and criminal convictions will also be considered in relation to participant response to both independent variables.ParticipantsAccording to G Power participant number should be 191, however, for an lucifer balance, it will be at least 100 males and 100 females. The male and female participants will be ages of or between 21 and 65, and split between four regions (Glasgow, Paisley, Edinburgh Dundee).ApparatusParticipant information sheets (PIS) and accept forms will be given along with questionnaires that will be used to measure psychopathic personality traits (IPIP-NEO) and attitudes on aggressive revenge fantasies. Each participant will be given the same questionnaire to complete. The statistical analysis programme SPSS will be used to analyse and correlate the data.ProcedureEach participant will be given a brief introduction of the study and asked if they are wil ling to take part, if they are willing then they will be asked to carefully read the PIS, sign the consent form, which will be detached from the questionnaire as they will be anonymous, and complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of a self-report personality inventory, the International Personality Item Pool NEO (IPIP-NEO) developed by Witt, Donnellan Blonigen (2009), of which permission for use was granted by Edward A. Witt.This 40 item inventory will measure the psychopathic personality traits of fearless dominance (20 items) and Impulsive Antisociality (20 items) to assess how high or low participants score in comparison with each other. A four-option manifold response ( sour, Mostly False, Mostly True, True) format and a Likert-type scale will be used (False = 1, Mostly False = 2, Mostly True = 3, True = 4) to measure the data. In exception, the 1st, 4th, 9th, 14th, 15th,16th and 17th questions of Fearless Dominance will be measured in reverse scale. The second part of the questionnaire consists of 10 questions regarding attitudes toward people having revenge fantasies. Again, a four-option multiple response (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree) format and a Likert-type scale will be used (strongly disagree = 1, disagree = 2, agree = 3, strongly agree = 4) to measure the data.ReferenceBaumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as Escape from Self. Psychological Review, 97, 90-113.Egan, V. Campbell, V. (2009) lurid Interests, Sustaining Fantasies and Personality Predict Physical Aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 464-469Gellerman, D. M. Suddath, R. (2005). Violent Fantasy, Dangerousness, and the Duty to Warn and Protect. daybook of the American Academy of Psychiatric Law, 33, 484-495.Greenwald, D. F. Harder, D. W. (1994). Sustaining Fantasies and Psychopathology in a Normal Sample. Journal of clinical Psychology, 50, 705-708.Greenwald, D. F. Harder, D. W. (1995). Sustaining Fantasies, Daydreams, and Psychop athology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 719-726.Greenwald, D. F. Harder, D. W. (1997). Fantasies, Coping Behaviour, and Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 91-97.Harder, D. W. Zelin, M. L. (1984). Sustaining Fantasies and Self-Concept Among College Students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 743-748Mardi, J. Harowitz, M. D. (2007). Understanding and Ameliorating Revenge Fantasies in Psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 24-27.Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D. Joiner Jr, T. E. (2007). Daydreaming About Death Violent Daydreaming as a Form of sensation Dysregulation in Suicidality. Behavior Modification, 31, 867-879.Singer, J. L. Antrobus, J. S. (1972). Daydreaming, Imaginal Processes and Personality A Normative Study. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.). The function and nature of imagery. (pp. 175-202). New York academician Press.Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B. Blonigen, D. M. (2009). Using Existing Self-Report Inventories to Measure the Psychopathic Persona lity Trait of Fearless Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 1006-1016.Zelin, M. L., Bernstein, S. B., Heijn, C., Jampel, R. M., Myerson, P. G., Adler, G., Buie, D. H. Rizzuto, A. M. (1983). The Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire Measurement of Sustaining Functions in Psychiatric Inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 427- 439.